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As we're all focused on the current rollout of the COVID-19 vaccine, a technology known as thin-film freezing is getting a lot of attention. It's groundbreaking and could change the way we administer drugs or use medicine in general.You've probably heard about the need to keep the COVID-19 vaccine cold. It has to be so cold, in fact, that the shipment and transport are challenging. Well, what if that vaccine could be turned into powder?“What we’ve most recently been working on is the elimination of cold chain by storing as a powder, a dry powder where the drug is much more stable than if it was stored as a liquid or as a frozen liquid,” said co-inventor Dr. Robert Williams.Williams said it would eliminate the need for extreme cold storage and transport. The technology isn't new. He got a research grant and came up with it about 15 years ago.Williams, who is also a pharmacy professor at the University of Texas in Austin, said they were working on the technology and its multiple uses when the pandemic hit. And all of a sudden, they got a lot of attention.“We have published over 70 papers on the technology and using it for different products- it’s quite a mature process," Williams said. "We developed it because with other vaccines, the majority of the vaccine cost is in wastage because of this cold chain issue, so we published several key papers where we showed our thin-film freezing technology would protect vaccines - and you wouldn’t need cold chain storage.”Glenn Mattes, President, and CEO of TFF Pharmaceuticals added that the powders can be converted to topical preparations and they are currently working with the US Army to take some of the preparations and would then administer them directly through the eye.TFF is launching thin-film freezing into development through the FDA process. “I use the term ubiquitous because it is and disruptive because it is,” Mattes said. He added that they've explored their technology in the cannabinoid realm. But, as for the COVID vaccine, they're aiming for a second-generation usage.“To truly eradicate the pandemic, you have to have a global response," Mattes said. "The companies we’ve been speaking to certainly recognize the broad utilization of the technology but the application to the developing world, rural area, remote areas, where you can take a powder and inhale it or take the powder and reconstitute it has tremendous potential."Experts say it is only just the beginning as they launch their technology into a new world. 2511

At a White House news conference on Friday, leaders of Operation Warp Speed said that two coronavirus vaccines could receive emergency use authorization from the FDA in the coming weeks.In addition, Dr. Moncef Slaoui, who is the scientific head of Operation Warp Speed, projected that up to 20 million coronavirus vaccines could be shipped by the end of the year."If approved, they could be used for immunization in the U.S. population in the month of December," Slaoui said. "And we plan to have enough vaccine doses available for use in the U.S. population to immunize about 20 million individuals in the month of December, and another 25 to 30 million per month on an ongoing basis thereon."Given that doses of the two vaccines come in two doses, it could take many months and be well into 2021 before the majority of the American population is vaccinated against the coronavirus.The update came as the virus spreads throughout the country at an alarming and uncontrolled rate. At least 100,000 Americans are confirmed to have contracted the virus every day for the last 10 days, culminating in a record-shattering 153,000 cases on Thursday. Hospitalizations linked to the virus have reached all-time highs since the pandemic began, and deaths linked to the virus are beginning to tick up as well.The update also comes days after Pfizer announced that its vaccine candidate has been 90% effective in Phase 3 trials. The company says it is on track to apply for Emergency Use Status by the end of the month, meaning that some Americans could receive the vaccine before the year's end.New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, who said his state would independently review vaccine candidates before authorizing distribution to the state, was a frequent target during Friday’s news briefing.“Vaccines will be allocated pro rata by population so we ensure fair and equitable across. We need the states who are part of the planning to accept the vaccine,” saidArmy General Gustave F. Perna, who is overseeing logistics and distribution for Operation Warp Speed. “We are working closely along with the CDC, the jurisdictions and states to ensure vaccine can safely and quickly get to those who need it first.”Trump blasted Cuomo for utilizing an independent review process separate from the FDA. "We won't be delivering it to New York until we have authorization to do so," Trump said. "That pains me to say that. This is a very successful, amazing vaccine that 90% or more. The governor, Gov. Cuomo will have to let us know when he's ready for it. Otherwise, we can't be delivering it to a state that won't be giving it to its people immediately. I know the people of New York very well, I know they want it. The governor will let us know when he's ready."Pfizer said it expects to have 50 million doses of its vaccine ready for global distribution by the end of 2020, and 1 billion doses globally by the end of 2021. That's why other vaccines are also being looked in hopes of getting as many Americans vaccinated as soon as possible. Trump and others on Operation Warp Speed confirmed that health care workers and the elderly would be first to receive doses of the vaccine. Dr. Anthony Fauci, the Trump administration's top infectious disease expert, predicted earlier this week that the vaccine would be widely available in April.Previously, Trump had suggested that a vaccine would have been approved in October and widely available by the start of 2021. Project Warp Speed leaders, however, credited the federal government's response to the virus even if the vaccine has not been distributed as quickly as previously suggested.Friday's remarks were Trump's first on-camera comments since Joe Biden was projected as the winner of the presidential election. Trump had not delivered comments to the press on-camera since Nov. 5, when at a press conference in the White House press room he falsely claimed he would win the presidential election on still-baseless claims of widespread voter fraud.Trump has appeared on camera just once in the last week — a Veteran's Day appearance at Arlington National Cemetery at which he did not speak.Trump's extended media blackout is out of step with the first four years of his administration. Trump has rarely shied away from speaking with reporters, as he often makes himself available for on-camera interviews with the White House press pool on the front lawn and has taken to calling friendly media outlets for phone interviews.However, since last Thursday, Trump has only delivered statements through his Twitter account, where he has continued to spread misinformation about the 2020 election. In the past week, Twitter has taken action on about 50 of Trump's tweets or retweets — be it adding a link to more information, adding a fact check or hiding the tweet from timelines completely. 4827

Authorities in India have decided to hold off retrieving the body of the American national feared killed on North Sentinel Island amid concerns about a possible confrontation with the tribe that lives there.John Allen Chau is believed to have been killed by Sentinelese tribespeople after he visited their island home in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago in November, breaching local laws strictly prohibiting contact with the isolated people.Indian police say Chau found local fishermen who agreed to take him near the island, before using a canoe the rest of the way. Days later, the fishermen -- who have since been arrested for facilitating his trip -- say they saw the tribespeople dragging his body around the island."We want to avoid direct confrontation with the tribespeople," Dependra Pathak, director general of police of the Andaman and Nicobar islands, told CNN when asked about the latest efforts to retrieve Chau's body. "We do not want to go there and create an unhappy situation."The decision to avoid a direct confrontation with the isolated tribe came after a series of meetings and reconnaissance trips made by the officials. Anthropologists and tribal experts were also consulted.By Sunday, authorities had mapped out the area with the help of the fishermen and observed several members of the tribe walking around the area where eyewitnesses claim to have seen Chau's body dragged and buried.However, despite ruling out any immediate attempts to land on the island, local police would not categorically rule out retrieving the body at a future date. "We are working on it. We'll firm up a plan very soon," said Pathak. 1650

As students return to school this week in Florida, they will see something new: "In God We Trust."Gov. Rick Scott signed a bill in March that requires all schools to display signs with the state motto in "a conspicuous place."The measure is part of the nation's first ever private school voucher program for bullied students under a sweeping education bill signed into law Sunday by Gov. Rick Scott.The state statute (1003.44) specifically says, "Each district school board shall adopt rules to require, in all of the schools of the district and in each building used by the district school board, the display of the state motto, “In God We Trust,” designated under s. 15.0301, in a conspicuous place.The measure was sponsored by Rep. Kimberly Daniels, D-Jacksonville, who runs a Christian ministry, according to the Orlando Sentinel.“This motto is inscribed on the halls of this great capitol and inked on our currency, and it should be displayed so that our children will be exposed and educated on this great motto, which is a part of this country’s foundation,” she said when a House committee took up her bill (HB 839). “Something so great should not be hidden.”“In God We Trust” has been part of Florida’s state seal since 1868 and on the state flag since 1900, but has been the state motto only since 2006, according to the Florida Department of State.Locally, St. Lucie Public Schools has provided all schools with a front office poster "to meet the expectations of this statute," according to Kerry Padrick, the district's chief communications officer. 1569

As the Thanksgiving holiday approaches, college campuses across the country will empty out. Tens of thousands of students will head home for the break, and public health experts fear mass travel and indoor gatherings could spark a super spreading of the coronavirus.Within days of returning to campus this fall, Brianna DeWall contracted the coronavirus.“We went out to party, and with all my friends, got it,” recounted the Oklahoma State University junior. “So, we're assuming someone at that party had it and didn't know.”According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the return to college campuses in August and September coincided with a 55 percent increase nationally of COVID-19 cases in young adults ages 18 to 22.Next week, DeWall is headed home for the holidays, but she plans to get tested before she travels.“I will be flying, so I feel like that's a precaution I should take,” said DeWall.While her school isn’t requiring mandatory exit testing, other schools are.Penn State is offering free, voluntary exit tests. The University of Michigan has made exit testing mandatory, and New York State’s university system is also mandating a negative test result for all of its 140,000 students before they leave campus.“Some people may get a test that's not going to decrease the risk to zero, but it is going to decrease the risk substantially,” said Dr. Amesh Adalja, a senior scholar with the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security.Dr. Adalja warns that without extra precautions like frequent testing, mask-wearing, social distancing, and self-quarantining ahead of the holiday, the risk of community spread is increased.“It is going to be a major challenge when you have your student body moved from campus back home and come back on campus because that's likely to introduce more levels of infection,” he said.Earlier this year, researchers at Ball State University tracked 7.5 million students at more than 1,300 universities and concluded that thousands of college students may have picked up COVID-19 while at densely-packed spring break destinations, only to return to infect others with the virus.Some schools like DeWall’s are not having students return to campus until January and have canceled spring break. But once again, testing is voluntary.“I think we should have to get tested before we come back,” said DeWall. “I think it's very careless that they aren't requiring us to get tested before we go home.”The CDC hasn’t issued any specific COVID-19 guidance on colleges and break, and while the American College Health Association encourages testing, it stops short of calling for it to be mandatory.“Colleges we know have been hot spots for infection, especially with off-campus activity,” said Dr. Adalja. “So, I do think this is going to be particularly challenging to accomplish.” 2839

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