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SAN FRANCISCO, June 17 (Xinhua) -- A new research released on Friday shows that smartphone users in the United States are consuming more data than ever, growing by 89 percent in the first quarter on a year-over-year basis.According to data from marketing company Nielsen, the amount of data the average smartphone user consumes per month is 435 Megabytes (MB) in the first quarter of 2011, compared with 230 MB in the same period last year.As for the distribution of data consumption, data usage for the top 10 percent of smartphone users is up 109 percent while the top 1 percent has grown their usage by 155 percent from 1.8 Gigabytes (GB) in the first quarter of 2010 to over 4.6 GB this year.The research said consumers with iPhones and Android smartphones consume the most data, which is driven by app-friendly operating systems like Apple's iOS and Google's Android. Windows Phone 7 users doubled their usage over the fourth quarter of 2010 and the first quarter of 2011, perhaps due to growth in the number of applications available.Meanwhile, the cost per MB for smartphones has dropped by 46 percent over the last year, from 14 cents per MB to 8 cents, said the research.According to Internet marketing research company comScore, in the first quarter of 2011, 234 million Americans ages 13 and older used mobile devices, 74,6 million of whom are smartphone users.

CANBERRA, Sept. 24 (Xinhua) -- Australian scientists on Saturday said a satellite due to re-enter Earth poses a negligible threat to life and property on Earth.U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), which weighs more than five tons, is expected to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere at 1058 (AEST) on Saturday. The U.S.-based Center for Orbital and Re-entry Debris Studies estimates that re-entry could occur up to seven hours before or after this time.According to Nonathan Nally, a former editor of two space magazines and currently editor of the Australian Space News website, the satellite poses a negligible threat to life and property on Earth."Most of the satellite will burn up on re-entry, with perhaps as many as 26 stronger or harder small pieces surviving to reach the surface," Nally said in a statement."But with the majority of the Earth comprising oceans or uninhabited (or very sparsely populated) remote regions, the chances are overwhelming that any pieces of UARS that survive re- entry will fall harmlessly and never be seen again."Since the spacecraft is no longer powered, U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration has no control over where it comes down, but Nally said there is a small chance that debris from the satellite could land in Australia.Debris from SkyLab, another satellite which plunged to Earth, was scattered over parts of Western Australia in 1979. Skylab weighed about 77 tonnes, many times more than the UARS.?Dr Alice Gorman, a lecturer in the Department of Archaeology, specializing in space archaeology, at Flinders University in South Australia, said the UARS satellite re-entry is very reminiscent of Skylab in 1979."There is the same exaggeration of the hazard through the media, public anxiety as the advance warning allows for speculation, and a lack of understanding of what the risks actually are," he said in a statement."Should it land in Australia, we might expect the same rush for souvenirs as we saw with Skylab, as anything that has been in space has a special meaning on Earth."?UARS was launched on 12 September 1991 and decommissioned on 15 December 2005. Its total dry mass is about 5.5 tonnes. UARS is one of the largest NASA satellites to plunge back to Earth uncontrolled in the last 30 years.Since the beginning of the Space Age in the late-1950s, there have been no confirmed reports of an injury resulting from re- entering space objects.? Nor is there a record of significant property damage resulting from a satellite re-entry.

WASHINGTON, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- Black scientists were significantly less likely than their white counterparts to receive research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), according to an analysis of data from 2000 to 2006.University of Kansas Professor of Economics Donna Ginther was the lead author on the study commissioned by the NIH, which will appear Friday in journal Science.The researchers found a 10 percentage point gap in research funding -- even after taking into consideration demographics, education and training, employer characteristics, NIH experience and research productivity. For example, for every 100 grants submitted to NIH, 30 grants from white applicants were funded, compared to 20 grants for black applicants.Applications for NIH funding go through peer review that considers the significance, innovation and approach of grant applications, the investigator(s) and the research environment. About half of the applications are determined to be worth scoring. Among those scored, budgets and NIH Institutes priorities determine which applications are funded. Priorities can vary by year and by Institute.The study found that applications from black researchers were less likely to be scored and on average had worse scores. After controlling for the score of the grant, there were no race or ethnicity differences in funding.Applicants self-identify race, ethnicity and gender, but that information is not available during the peer review. However, biographical facts that are included in the review materials can provide clues to the identity of the applicants.The research suggests it is possible that cumulative advantage may explain the funding differences."Small differences in access to research resources and mentoring during training or at the beginning of a career may accumulate to become large between-group differences," the paper says.Additionally, the paper suggests further research is needed to determine why black researchers are less likely to be funded.NIH Director Francis Collins and Principal Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak call the findings unacceptable and commit to immediate action by the NIH."NIH commissioned this study because we want to learn more about the challenges facing the scientific community and address them head on. The results of this study are disturbing and disheartening, and we are committed to taking action," said Collins in an accompanying commentary. "The strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the brightest minds, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study shows that we still have a long way to go."NIH initiated the study in 2008 to determine if researchers of different races and ethnicities with similar research records and affiliations had similar likelihoods of being awarded a new NIH research project grant.

LOS ANGELES, July 18 (Xinhua) -- U.S. scientists have proven that oncogenes can change normal cells into stem-like cells, paving the way to a safer and more practical approach to treating diseases like multiple sclerosis and cancer with stem cell therapy.In a collaborative study, researchers from the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), and the Children's Hospital of Orange County (CHOC) in California and Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center in New York have successfully converted human skin cells into brain cells by suppressing the expression of p53, a protein encoded by a widely studied oncogene. This suggests that p53 mutation helps determine cell fate -- good or bad -- rather than only the outcome of cancer.Oncogenes are generally thought to be genes that, when mutated, change healthy cells into cancerous tumor cells.Study findings were appearing Monday on the website of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)."The reality may be more complicated than people think," said Jiang F. Zhong, Ph.D., assistant professor of pathology at the Keck School. "What is a stem cell gene? What is a cancer gene? It may be the same thing.""When you turn off p53, people think the cell becomes cancerous because we tend to focus on the bad thing," Zhong said. "Actually, the cell becomes more plastic and could do good things, too. Let's say the cell is like a person who loses his job (the restriction of p53). He could become a criminal or he could find another job and have a positive effect on society. What pushes him one way or the other, we don't know because the environment is very complicated."Stem cells can divide and differentiate into different types of cells in the body. In humans, embryonic stem cells differentiate into three families, or germ layers, of cells. The reasons why and how certain stem cells differentiate into particular layers are not clearly understood. However, from those layers, tissues and organs develop. The endoderm, for example, leads to formation of the stomach, colon and lungs, while the mesoderm forms blood, bone and heart tissue. In its study, Zhong's team examined human skin cells, which are related to brain and neural cells from the ectoderm.When p53 was suppressed, the skin cells developed into cells that looked exactly like human embryonic stem cells. But, unlike other man-made stem cells that are "pluripotent" and can become any other cells in the body, these cells differentiated only into cells from the same germ layer, ectoderm."IPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) can turn into anything, so they are hard to control," Zhong said. "Our cells are staying within the ectoderm lineage."Zhong said he expects that suppressing other oncogenes in other families of cells would have the same effect, which could have critical significance for stem cell therapy. Future research should focus on determining which genes to manipulate, Zhong said.The study is slated to appear in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences later this month, according to AAAS.

SAN FRANCISCO, Aug. 22 (Xinhua) -- Hewlett-Packard's tablet TouchPad has become the hottest consumer electronics device on Monday after HP launched a fire sale for the discontinued product line over the weekend."It was like a stampede and they went quick," a Best Buy employee in San Diego told technology news website Betanews, describing the line waiting to buy TouchPad. He said the discontinued tablet was sold out five minutes after the store opened.The device is also getting snatched up at a lighting speed online and increasingly difficult to find.The TouchPad is no longer listed on Bestbuy.com in the United States, which last week was reportedly sitting on 270,000 unsold TouchPads and was hoping HP would buy them back.On Amazon, TouchPad tops the world's largest online retailer's electronics sales list, beating out the electronic reader Kindle and iPod touch.Last Thursday, HP announced that it will completely shut down its webOS operations, specifically the TouchPad tablet and webOS phones.The 16 GB TouchPad currently is only 99.99 U.S. dollars, compared to the original price of 399 dollars. The 32 GB model, which used to be 485.99 dollars, is now priced at 149.99 dollars.

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