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LOS ANGELES, April 12 (Xinhua) -- With the help of NASA Telescopes, astronomers have uncovered one of the youngest galaxies in the distant universe, with stars that formed 13.5 billion years ago, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Tuesday.The finding addresses questions about when the first galaxies arose, and how the early universe evolved, JPL noted in a press release.Infrared data from both the Hubble Space Telescope and the post- coolant, or "warm," phase of NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope mission revealed that the galaxy's stars are quite mature, which means they must have formed when the universe was just a toddler, said JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.This challenges theories of how soon galaxies formed in the first years of the universe and could even help solve the mystery of how the hydrogen fog that filled the early universe was cleared, according to astronomers involved in the study.This galaxy is not the most distant ever observed, but it is one of the youngest to be observed with such clarity, JPL said.Normally, galaxies like this one are extremely faint and difficult to study, but, in this case, nature has provided the astronomers with a cosmic magnifying glass, JPL said.The galaxy's image is being magnified by the gravity of a massive cluster of galaxies parked in front of it, making it appear 11 times brighter. This phenomenon is called gravitational lensing."Without this big lens in space, we could not study galaxies this faint with currently available observing facilities," said Eiichi Egami of the University of Arizona in Tucson. "Thanks to nature, we have this great opportunity to see our universe as it was eons ago."The findings may help explain how the early universe became " reionized," according to JPL."Seeing a galaxy as it appeared near the beginning of the universe is an awe-inspiring feat enabled by innovative technology and the fortuitous effect of gravitational lensing," Jon Morse, NASA's Astrophysics Division director at the agency's headquarters in Washington, said in the release."Observations like this open a window across space and time, but more importantly, they inspire future work to one day peer at the stars that lit up the universe following the big bang."

SAN FRANCISCO, April 22 (Xinhua) -- Apple and Google collect smartphone users' location information as part of their race to build massive databases, The Wall Street Journal reported on Friday after analyzing data and documents.According to the report, security analysts with the newspaper found that Apple's iPhone and smartphones running Google's Android operating system regularly transmit users' locations back to the two companies respectively, which is part of their race to build databases capable of pinpointing people's locations via smartphones.A report by research firm Gartner indicated that the market for location-based services is expected to rise to 8.3 billion U.S. dollars in 2014 from the current 2.9 billion dollars.In the case of Google, a security analyst with The Wall Street Journal said an HTC Android phone collected name, location, signal strength of any nearby Wi-Fi networks, and a unique phone identifier every few seconds and transmitted the data to Google at least several times an hour."All location sharing on Android is opt-in by the user," Google said in a statement to technology blog site All Things Digital, in response to the concern that how Android system uses location information."We provide users with notice and control over the collection, sharing and use of location in order to provide a better mobile experience on Android devices. Any location data that is sent back to Google location servers is anonymous and is not tied or traceable to a specific user," said the statement.Worries on the iPhone tracking issue surfaced on Wednesday after two British researchers announced at a technology conference in California that iPhone has been collecting users' location information and storing the data for extended periods of time.The researchers said starting on June 21 2010, after the release of iOS 4 mobile operating system, iPhones began logging and storing location information in a file, which shows the users' latitude and longitude and is timestamped to the second. They noted the information is not encrypted on the phone or on the iPhone backups made by iTunes and the file is also persistent, transferring itself to a new iOS device when the old one is replaced.They added they had no evidence that the file was being transmitted to Apple.On Thursday, U.S. congressman Edward Markey reacted angrily to the news in a letter to Apple CEO Steve Jobs, which is posted on Markey's official website.Markey asked Jobs to make a response within 15 business days or no later than May 12, saying "Apple needs to safeguard personal location information of its users to ensure that an iPhone doesn't become an iTrack."Apple has made no comment on the issue so far, but a letter it sent to U.S. Congress last July came under spotlight. In the letter, Apple said it collects Wi-Fi and GPS information when the phone is searching for a cellular connection and gathers the data to help build a "database with known location information."

WASHINGTON, May 11 (Xinhua) -- Johns Hopkins University researchers have demonstrated that human liver cells derived from adult cells coaxed into an embryonic state can engraft and begin regenerating liver tissue in mice with chronic liver damage.The work, published Wednesday in the journal Science Translational Medicine, suggests that liver cells derived from so- called "induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)" could one day be used as an alternative to liver transplant in patients with serious liver diseases, bypassing long waiting lists for organs and concerns about immune system rejection of donated tissue."Our findings provide a foundation for producing functional liver cells for patients who suffer liver diseases and are in need of transplantation," says Yoon-Young Jang, assistant professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. "iPSC-derived liver cells not only can be generated in large amounts, but also can be tailored to each patient, preventing immune-rejection problems associated with liver transplants from unmatched donors or embryonic stem cells." A microsopic view shows human embryonic stem cells in various stages of differentiation into liver cells in this photo taken at Stanford University and released by the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, March 9, 2009iPSCs are made from adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to revert to an embryonic stem cell-like state, with the ability to transform into different cell types. Human iPSCs can be generated from various tissues, including skin, blood and liver cells.Although the liver can regenerate in the body, end-stage liver failure caused by diseases like cirrhosis and cancers eventually destroy the liver's regenerative ability, Jang says. Currently, the only option for those patients is to receive a liver organ or liver cell transplant, a supply problem given the severe shortage of donor liver tissue for transplantation. In addition, mature liver cells and adult liver stem cells are difficult to isolate or grow in the laboratory, she says. By contrast, iPSCs can be made from a tiny amount of many kinds of tissue; and the embryonic stem- like iPSCs can grow in laboratory cultures indefinitely.For the study, Jang and colleagues generated human iPSCs from a variety of adult human cells, including liver cells, fibroblasts ( connective tissue cells), bone marrow stem cells and skin cells. They found that though the iPSCs overall were molecularly similar to each other and to embryonic stem cells, they retained a distinct molecular "signature" inherited from the cell of origin.

BEIJING, March 15 (Xinhuanet) --After one-year effort of developing, Microsoft is going to release its newest web browser Internet Explorer 9 at 9:00 p.m. Pacific time on Monday, according to media reports.The IE 9 will be the first major Web browser to include a do-not-track tool that helps people keep their online habits from being monitored, which makes Google Inc. and Apple Inc. the only big providers of browsers that haven't yet declared their support for a do-no-track system in their products.IE 9 can work on computers running Windows Vista and Windows 7 operating systems, but not compatible with Windows XP.This final release-to-Web version of IE 9 represents the ninth release since the first platform preview of the browser appeared at the MIX 10 Web developer event, said Ryan Gavin, the senior director of Internet Explorer business and marketing. Gavin pointed out that the browser has already made its mark in Microsoft's download history."We're seeing now upwards of two percent share already on Windows 7 for IE 9, even in beta stage. It was the fastest adopted beta ever in Microsoft's history," he said.IE 9 is being launched as part of the South by Southwest event currently taking place in Austin, Texas.

BEIJING, Feb. 5 (Xinhua) -- China's meteorological authority said Saturday that a cold snap would sweep north China over the next few days, bringing down temperatures and carrying gusty winds.Temperatures in some parts of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and northeast China will drop 4 to 6 degrees Celsius over the weekend, the National Meteorological Center (NMC) said in a statement on its website.In most areas north to the Huaihe River, the temperatures will go down 4 to 6 degrees Celsius, or even 8 to 10 degrees Celsius in some parts of the areas between Monday and Tuesday.The cold front would then move southward to affect more areas in the eastern and southern parts of the country.The NMC said some areas in northern and western Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the eastern part of Inner Mongolia, Sichuan Basin and most of the northeast China, the western parts of the areas south to the Yangtze River will see light to moderate snow or sleet in the forthcoming three days.Fog continued to shroud south China Saturday, reducing visibility to less than 200 meters in parts of Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan and Fujian provinces, as well as Chongqing City.