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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In the race for a coronavirus vaccine, scientists often say we need more than one winner.That’s in part because different vaccines use different strategies to provoke the immune system, and each strategy has different strengths.Take the inactivated virus vaccine, an approach currently used in the vaccine against the poliovirus. In this approach, scientists take a live virus, kill it with chemicals or heat, and then introduce that viral corpse into a person.There are three groups in the final phase of human trials using inactivated coronavirus, primarily in China, according to a tracker from the Milken Institute.“The immune system can tell the difference between something that's a real threat and something that's not a threat, and so if you get injected with a dead virus your immune system has the tendency to not pay a lot of attention to that,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.The downside of the inactivated virus approach is that it only elicits two out of the three of the parts of the immune system, Dr. Crotty said. It’s capable of producing antibodies and helper T-cells, but not killer T-cells.The modern take on the inactivated virus approach is called a viral vector vaccine.In this strategy, scientists combine elements of the coronavirus with a common cold virus called an adenovirus that won’t make you sick. Since the virus is alive, it can elicit all three kinds of immune responses, Dr. Crotty said.“There are no licensed vaccines right now that use that strategy, but there are all kinds of vaccine trials that have been done around the world with those types [of vaccines] showing that they're straightforward to manufacture. They're very safe,” he said.The University of Oxford is testing a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 in a Phase 3 clinical trial.Then there are subunit vaccines. These include just a section -- or subunit -- of the virus’ protein.UC San Diego is working on a coronavirus candidate vaccine using this approach.There are subunit vaccines currently on the market for tetanus and other viruses.“Working with proteins is more challenging, just from a laboratory and manufacturing perspective,” Dr. Crotty said.Enter the next phase of vaccine development. Instead of using the virus itself or fragments of it, Inovio Pharmaceuticals is working on a vaccine strategy using just the virus’ genetic information.DNA-based vaccines simply introduce a genetically engineered blueprint of the virus into a person, and the cells do the rest.“Some people get confused about this. They think it’s a genetic vaccine that changes their DNA and becomes part of them, and that’s definitely not the case.” Dr. Crotty said. “They don’t become part of you. Your body chews them up.”Researchers have been working on DNA-based vaccines for about 20 years, Crotty said, but none are currently licensed for use.San Diego-based Arcturus Therapeutics is using an RNA-based approach, along with other companies like Pfizer and Moderna that have entered Phase 3 trials.Messenger RNA reads the DNA instructions and helps translate them into proteins.Dr. Crotty said the DNA and RNA approaches have similar drawbacks and benefits: they’ve never been approved for us, but both can be developed rapidly because they don’t require access to the physical virus.Around the world, there are more than 200 coronavirus vaccines currently in development, according to the Milken Institute. 3459

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - If you're driving along I-5 in Logan Heights, you might see Frankie Ortiz in a mariachi costume on the bridge above you.He told 10News Photojournalist Zach Wonderlie, he just wants to make San Diego smile!Ortiz said he gets encouragement on social media from people who enjoyed seeing him dance. 332

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Locals and visitors in San Diego's mountains Friday awoke to a winter wonderland of snowfall.A Thanksgiving storm brought a fresh coating of snowfall to the county's higher elevations, including areas of Julian, Descanso, Palomar Mountain, Pine Valley, and Mt. Laguna. A winter storm warning will continue through 10 p.m. Friday.San Diego mountains can expect to see about 10 to 18 inches of snow above 5,500', 10News meteorologist Megan Parry reports. Areas between 3,000 and 4,000 feet will see trace amounts to 2 inches of snow, and areas 4,000 and 4,500' can expect about 3 to 8 inches. The county's highest peaks could get 2 feet of snow by the end of the day.RELATED: Snow in San Diego! Here's what you'll need and where to go for snowChains are required when heading up to the mountain areas and wind gusts up to 50 mph will make traveling hazardous. Icy roads is also a concern.Not heading to the snow this weekend? Check out the snowfall in Julian Friday morning from the comfort of your screen:Scattered showers will continue to keep most of San Diego soaked Friday, but the worst of the rain has moved out of the county. Thanksgiving Day saw about 1.37" of rain locally, breaking the San Diego's previous Thanksgiving record of 1.26" set in 2008.Several crashes were recorded throughout the day Thursday. Travel on rain slicked roads is also a concern early Friday.RELATED: Coast-to-coast storm will dump more rain and snow during weekend travel rushThunderstorms are possible throughout areas of San Diego's East County and periods of heavy rain could last through the morning.A beach hazard statement is in effect until 4 p.m., with waves of about 2 to 7 feet and strong rip currents a possibility. The threat of flooding locally also continues into Friday, the biggest threat being between 8 a.m. and 10 a.m.Locals are advised to avoid going into the water along the coast, as storm runoff could bring contaminants to San Diego's beaches. 1979

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Just a few weeks ago, coronavirus testing was hard to come by. But now, many San Diegans are finding it easier to get tested. Some are purchasing at-home test kits online, at no up-front cost.Raechel Kadoya is not a clinician, nor is she at a doctor's office. She is the co-owner of Soichi Sushi, giving herself a COVID-19 test."I want to take advantage of being proactive," Kadoya said as she swabbed her nose.Since the modified re-opening of her restaurant in University Heights, she and her staff have been cautious about coronavirus exposure. That is why she ordered the Pixel by Labcorp at-home COVID-19 test kit for her entire staff."I think that it is my responsibility as a business owner, not only to my staff but to my customers and my family, to make sure that everybody is doing business here safely," Kadoya said.This is the staff's second round of testing. Kadoya said the first one required multiple doctors referrals just to get a drive-through appointment an hour away."We were able to find a place in Lake Elsinore, so we all had to drive up there," Kadoya said.Dr. Abi Olulade, a family medicine physician at Sharp Rees-Stealy Medical Group, said the accessibility of these at-home tests is a big draw."It definitely is something that is very convenient for consumers," Dr. Olulade said.But she suggested customers do their homework before they order."They should be looking at whether or not the tests that they are using have been FDA authorized, and it's not just some random test that they found on the internet," Dr. Olulade said.As of June 12, 2020, seven at-home COVID-19 test kits have the FDA's emergency use authorization. They are:Phosphorus DiagnosticsPrivapathP23 LabsEverlywellRutgers University LabQuest DiagnosticsLabcorpTo get this authorization, the FDA requires at-home tests to have 95% accuracy in detecting positive results and 100% accuracy in detecting negative results.Insurance covered the upfront costs for Kadyoa's staff. But for those without insurance, some tests are covered by federal funds.From an accessibility and affordability stand-point, Kadoya said this is what works best for her."I want to do this every couple of weeks as maintenance," Kadoya said.Dr. Olulade also said to make sure the labs doing the testing also have CLIA certification, which sets national standards for accuracy, quality, and reliability. 2397

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- It’s Safely Back to School week on ABC 10News and we’re talking about issues that impact education during this pandemic. On July 29, ABC 10News anchor Ben Higgins and special guest Dr. Joi Spencer, Interim Dean & Professor at the USD School of Leadership and Education Sciences, discuss racial justice in education. 347