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WASHINGTON, April 3 (Xinhua) -- In the largest study of its kind, researchers from a consortium led by the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, the University of Miami, and the Boston University School of Medicine, identified four new genes linked to Alzheimer's disease. The findings appeared Sunday in the current issue of Nature Genetics.Each gene individually adds to the risk of having this common form of dementia later in life. These new genes offer a portal into what causes Alzheimer's disease and is a major advance in the field.The study, conducted by the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium, reports genetic analysis of more than 11,000 people with Alzheimer's disease and a nearly equal number of elderly people who have no symptoms of dementia. Three other consortia contributed confirming data from additional people, bringing the total number of people analyzed to over 54,000. The consortium also contributed to the identification of a fifth gene reported by other groups of investigators from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and other European countries.The study is the result of a large collaborative effort with investigators from 44 universities and research institutions in the United States, led by Gerard Schellenberg at University of Pennsylvania."This is the culmination of years of work on Alzheimer's disease by a large number of scientists, yet it is just the beginning in defining how genes influence memory and intellectual function as we age. We are all tremendously excited by our progress so far, but much remains to be done, both in understanding the genetics and in defining how these genes influence the disease process," Schellenberg said.Until recently, only four genes associated with late-onset Alzheimer's have been confirmed, with the gene for apolipoprotein E-e4, APOE-e4, having the largest effect on risk. The Nature Genetics studies add another four -- MS4A, CD2AP, CD33, and EPHA1 -- and contribute to identifying and confirming two other genes, BIN1 and ABCA7, thereby doubling the number of genes known to contribute Alzheimer's disease.

TOKYO, May 21 (Xinhua) -- Japanese Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Banri Kaieda met with visiting Chinese Commerce Minister Chen Deming in Tokyo Saturday and agreed the two countries will promote bilateral trade to assist Japan's recovery after the March 11 quake and tsunami.Chen, who accompanied Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to Japan, told Kaieda that China will offer "as much cooperation as possible to help Japan's reconstruction" by providing necessary supplies.Kaieda said Japan will strive to restore production and supply chain disrupted by the disasters as soon as possible.The two sides said they will conduct various investment and trade activities to strengthen cooperation and personnel exchange, and facilitate the smooth flow of bilateral trade so as to promote sustainable development.The two ministers signed a document on expanding bilateral economic and trade cooperation. They also reaffirmed that free and open trade will help Japan's reconstruction efforts.

WASHINGTON, April 11 (Xinhua) -- Taking a statin before having major elective surgery reduces potentially serious kidney complications, according to a study appearing in an upcoming issue of the Journal of the American Society Nephrology.Each year, more than 230 million major elective surgeries are performed around the world. Unfortunately, many patients who undergo major operations develop kidney injury soon after surgery, often due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys and/or the effects of inflammation.Animal studies suggest that the cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins protect the kidneys from such damage, but whether a similar benefit occurs in humans is uncertain. To investigate, Amber Molnar, University of Western Ontario, and colleagues conducted a population-based retrospective study of all older patients who underwent major elective surgery in the province of Ontario, Canada from 1995 to 2008. Surgeries included cardiac, thoracic, vascular, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal procedures.A total of 213,347 patients from 211 hospitals underwent major elective surgery, and 4,020 patients (1.9 percent) developed postoperative kidney injury within two weeks of surgery. A total of 1,173 patients (0.5 percent) required dialysis within two weeks of surgery, and 5,974 patients (2.8 percent) died within a month of surgery.Prior to surgery, 67,941 patients (32 percent) were taking a statin. Patients taking a statin were 20 percent less likely to develop kidney injury, need dialysis, and die compared to patients who were not taking a statin. Also, there was evidence of a dose-effect, with patients on higher potency statins having less kidney injury. In addition, statins were beneficial whether they were started greater than 90 days or less than 30 days prior to surgery."Our study suggests that statin use in older persons results in less kidney injury following major elective surgery and reduces the risk of premature death after surgery," said Molnar, adding that the results warrant further investigation with more rigorous studies, but such trials will be difficult to carry out.

WASHINGTON, May 17 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced Tuesday that the international Aquarius/SAC-D observatory will be launched on June 9, to study interactions between ocean circulation, the water cycle and climate by measuring ocean surface salinity.Engineers at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California are performing final tests before mating the satellite to its Delta II rocket. The mission is a collaboration between NASA and Argentina' s space agency, with participation from Brazil, Canada, France and Italy.In addition to Aquarius, the primary instrument, the observatory carries seven other instruments that will collect environmental data for a wide range of applications, including studies of natural hazards, air quality, land processes and epidemiology.The mission will make NASA's first space observations of the concentration of dissolved salt at the ocean surface. Aquarius' observations will reveal how salinity variations influence ocean circulation, trace the path of freshwater around our planet, and help drive Earth's climate. The ocean surface constantly exchanges water and heat with Earth's atmosphere. Approximately 80 percent of the global water cycle that moves freshwater from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean happens over the ocean.Salinity plays a key role in these exchanges. By tracking changes in ocean surface salinity, Aquarius will monitor variations in the water cycle caused by evaporation and precipitation over the ocean, river runoff, the freezing and melting of sea ice. Salinity also makes seawater denser, causing it to sink, where it becomes part of deep, interconnected ocean currents. This deep ocean "conveyor belt" moves water masses and heat from the tropics to the polar regions, helping to regulate Earth's climate."Salinity is the glue that bonds two major components of Earth' s complex climate system: ocean circulation and the global water cycle," said Aquarius Principal Investigator Gary Lagerloef of Earth & Space Research in Seattle in a statement. "Aquarius will map global variations in salinity in unprecedented detail, leading to new discoveries that will improve our ability to predict future climate."Aquarius will measure salinity by sensing microwave emissions from the water's surface with a radiometer instrument. These emissions can be used to indicate the saltiness of the surface water, after accounting for other environmental factors. Salinity levels in the open ocean vary by only about five parts per thousand, and small changes are important. Aquarius uses advanced technologies to detect changes in salinity as small as about two parts per 10,000, equivalent to a pinch (about one-eighth of a teaspoon) of salt in a gallon of water.Aquarius will map the entire open ocean every seven days for at least three years from 408 miles (657 kilometers) above Earth. Its measurements will produce monthly estimates of ocean surface salinity with a spatial resolution of 93 miles (150 kilometers). The data will reveal how salinity changes over time and from one part of the ocean to another.

JOHANNESBURG, March 8 (Xinhua) -- In order to combat piracy and to improve maritime safety, South African authorities have begun using a sophisticated navigation satellite system, it was announced on Tuesday.Piracy, especially by Somalis, has been increasing along Africa east coast in recent years. The South African Press Association (SAPA) reported on Tuesday that Karl Otto, head of the South African Maritime Safety Authority (SAMSA) announced the surveillance tool at a conference in Durban.Called Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT), the system monitors and tracks vessels in waters south of the equator.Otto said the introduction of the LRIT followed concerns over the safety of seafarers, the safety standards of ships within South African waters.Otto said there were high levels of cargo at risk, such as fuels and oils.He said reasons for installing the system included the number of shipwrecks along the South African coast, and the threat of pollution of the marine environment by ships."It also serves as a mechanism to prevent piracy."Otto said the satellite system has the capacity to identify and track vessels up to 1,000 nautical miles (1,850 km) from the South African coastline as well as South African-flagged vessels anywhere in the world."This is a revolutionary development in the security of our seas," he said.SAMSA was determined to protect South Africa's seafarers, its coastline and the marine environment, Otto said.