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LOS ANGELES, May 15 (Xinhua) -- Using a simple, minimally- invasive technique to analyze cells from the interior of the nose, U.S. researchers have detected lung cancer in its earliest stage.For the study, the researchers at the Boston University Medical Center collected nasal epithelial cells from thirty three smokers who were undergoing medically-indicated bronchoscopies for suspicion of lung cancer, according to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) on Sunday.Of these patients, 11 were found to have benign disease and 22 had lung cancer. Brushings were taken from the right or left nostril and profiled on microarrays, a process that allows researchers to study gene expression changes.The researchers identified 170 genes that were differentially expressed between patients with and without lung cancer. They also found that genes linked to colon cancer and adenocarcinoma, as well as genes that trigger cell division and blood vessel growth, were expressed more heavily in patients with cancer. Genes involved in tumor suppression were also expressed at lower levels in these patients.Earlier studies have used gene expression differences in the bronchial airways to identify lung cancer in its early stages. The researchers relied on those results to design the current study."In this study we used the same principle as we used in our earlier studies of bronchial tissue, only this time, those methods were used to study nasal cells," said study author Christina Anderlind, MD, Instructor of Medicine. "Our hypothesis was that the upper airway epithelium of smokers with lung cancer displays a cancer-specific gene expression pattern, and that this airway nasal gene expression signature reflects the changes that occur in lung tissue."

WASHINGTON, Feb. 4 (Xinhua) -- Major trading partners of the United States, including China, did not manipulate their currencies to gain an unfair advantage in international trade in 2010, according to a report released by the U.S Treasury Department on Friday."Based on the resumption of exchange rate flexibility last June and the acceleration of the pace of real bilateral appreciation over the past few months," China's behavior did not qualify under the official definition of manipulation, the Treasury said in its long-delayed semiannual report to the Congress on International Economic and Exchange Rate Policies.With respect to exchange rate policies, ten economies were reviewed in this report, accounting for nearly three-fourths of U. S. trade. Many of the economies have fully flexible exchange rates. A few have more tightly managed exchanges rates, with varying degrees of management."No major trading partners of the United States" met the standards identified by the Congress as currency manipulator, concluded the report.Since the June 19, 2010 announcement by China's central bank of greater exchange rate flexibility, its currency, also known as renminbi (RMB) has appreciated 3.7 percent against the dollar, or about 6 percent annualized. The renminbi has appreciated 26 percent in total against the dollar since 2005.The Treasury said that because inflation in China is significantly higher than it is in the U.S., the RMB has been appreciating more rapidly against the dollar on a real, inflation- adjusted basis, at a rate which if sustained would amount to more than 10 percent per year.The U.S. accuses Beijing of keeping its currency undervalued, flooding the country with cheap exports and costing U.S. jobs. But many economists believe that the appreciation of RMB will help little to the U.S. employment."Treasury today again made the right call on China's currency policy in its latest exchange rate report," John Frisbie, President of the U.S.-China Business Council (USCBC) said in a statement after the U.S. Treasury Department'report."While USCBC believes that China should allow its exchange rate to better reflect market forces, designating China as a ' manipulator' would achieve nothing. USCBC continues to support the Obama administration's approach of combined multilateral and bilateral engagement with China as the most effective way to make progress on the exchange rate issue."

WASHINGTON, May 27 (Xinhua) -- Two U.S. astronauts conducted the fourth and final scheduled spacewalks for space shuttle Endeavour 's STS-134 mission on Friday morning, the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) announced.The seven-hour, 24-minute spacewalk completed by Mike Fincke and Greg Chamitoff at 7:39 a.m. EDT (1139 GMT) was the final spacewalk conducted by space shuttle astronauts before NASA turns over Endeavour and sister ships Discovery and Atlantis to museums. Space station crew will continue to make spacewalks for maintenance and repair tasks.At 5:02 a.m. (0902 GMT), Fincke and Chamitoff surpassed the 1, 000th hour astronauts and cosmonauts have spent spacewalking in support of space station assembly and maintenance. The milestone occurred four hours and 47 minutes into the spacewalk, the 159th in support of station assembly and maintenance, totaling 1,002 hours, 37 minutes.The astronauts completed their mission to stow the 50-foot-long boom on the station truss and work on some new installations to extend the space station's robotic arm. After that, shuttle commander Mark Kelly called Mission Control in Houston to mark the milestone -- after 12 years of efforts."Space station assembly is complete," Kelly said.It was the 248th spacewalk U.S. astronauts have conducted and the 118th from space station airlocks. Landing is scheduled for 2: 32 a.m. EDT (0632 GMT) on Wednesday at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Shuttle Atlantis is targeted to launch on July 8 for space shuttle's final flight.Endeavour lifted off on May 16 from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, to deliver to the International Space Station a 2-billion- dollar, multinational particle detector known as the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS).AMS, a particle physics detector, is designed to search for various types of unusual matter by measuring cosmic rays. Its experiments are designed to help researchers study the formation of the universe and search for evidence of dark matter, strange matter and antimatter.NASA's 30-year-old shuttle program is ending due to high operating costs. The Obama administration wants to spur private companies to get into the space taxi business, freeing NASA to focus on deep space exploration and new technology development.When the U.S. space shuttle program officially ends later this year, the Russian space program's Soyuz capsule will be the only method for transporting astronauts to and from the station.

LOS ANGELES, April 1 (Xinhua) -- A NASA Gulfstream-III aircraft equipped with a synthetic aperture radar is scheduled to depart Sunday, April 3 on a nine-day mission to image Hawaii volcanoes, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced on Friday.The aircraft will fly from the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in Palmdale, California to the Big Island of Hawaii to study the Kilauea volcano that recently erupted, said JPL in Pasadena, Los Angeles.The mission will help scientists better understand processes occurring under Earth's surface, JPL said.Developed by JPL, the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar, or UAVSAR, uses a technique called interferometric synthetic aperture radar that sends pulses of microwave energy from the aircraft to the ground to detect and measure very subtle deformations in Earth's surface, such as those caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides and glacier movements.As the Gulfstream-III flies at an altitude of about 12,500 meters, the radar, located in a pod under the aircraft's belly, will collect data over Kilauea, according to JPL.The UAVSAR's first data acquisitions over this volcanic region took place in January 2010, when the radar flew over the volcano daily for a week. The UAVSAR detected deflation of Kilauea's caldera over one day, part of a series of deflation-inflation events observed at Kilauea as magma is pumped into the volcano's east rift zone.This month's flights will repeat the 2010 flight paths to an accuracy of within 5 meters, or about 16.5 feet, assisted by a Platform Precision Autopilot designed by engineers at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center on Edwards Air Force Base, California, JPL said.By comparing these camera-like images, interferograms are formed that reveal changes in Earth's surface, said JPL.Between March 5 and 11, 2011, a spectacular fissure eruption occurred along the east rift zone. Satellite radar imagery captured the progression of this volcanic event."The April 2011 UAVSAR flights will capture the March 2011 fissure eruption surface displacements at high resolution and from multiple viewing directions, giving us an improved resolution of the magma injected into the east rift zone that caused the eruption," said JPL research scientist Paul Lundgren."Our goal is to be able to deploy the UAVSAR on short notice to better understand and aid in responding to hazards from Kilauea and other volcanoes in the Pacific region covered by this study," Lundgren added.