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WASHINGTON, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- Black scientists were significantly less likely than their white counterparts to receive research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), according to an analysis of data from 2000 to 2006.University of Kansas Professor of Economics Donna Ginther was the lead author on the study commissioned by the NIH, which will appear Friday in journal Science.The researchers found a 10 percentage point gap in research funding -- even after taking into consideration demographics, education and training, employer characteristics, NIH experience and research productivity. For example, for every 100 grants submitted to NIH, 30 grants from white applicants were funded, compared to 20 grants for black applicants.Applications for NIH funding go through peer review that considers the significance, innovation and approach of grant applications, the investigator(s) and the research environment. About half of the applications are determined to be worth scoring. Among those scored, budgets and NIH Institutes priorities determine which applications are funded. Priorities can vary by year and by Institute.The study found that applications from black researchers were less likely to be scored and on average had worse scores. After controlling for the score of the grant, there were no race or ethnicity differences in funding.Applicants self-identify race, ethnicity and gender, but that information is not available during the peer review. However, biographical facts that are included in the review materials can provide clues to the identity of the applicants.The research suggests it is possible that cumulative advantage may explain the funding differences."Small differences in access to research resources and mentoring during training or at the beginning of a career may accumulate to become large between-group differences," the paper says.Additionally, the paper suggests further research is needed to determine why black researchers are less likely to be funded.NIH Director Francis Collins and Principal Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak call the findings unacceptable and commit to immediate action by the NIH."NIH commissioned this study because we want to learn more about the challenges facing the scientific community and address them head on. The results of this study are disturbing and disheartening, and we are committed to taking action," said Collins in an accompanying commentary. "The strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the brightest minds, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study shows that we still have a long way to go."NIH initiated the study in 2008 to determine if researchers of different races and ethnicities with similar research records and affiliations had similar likelihoods of being awarded a new NIH research project grant.

SAN FRANCISCO, July 20 (Xinhua) -- Google announced on Wednesday that it has reached a deal with author J.K. Rowling to launch the series of Harry Potter ebooks on Google's platform.When the series of Harry Potter ebooks launch on Pottermore.com in early October, the bestsellers will be available in the United States via Google eBooks platform, said Google in a blog post.When customers buy a Harry Potter ebook from Pottermore.com, they will be able to choose to keep it in their Google's online library in the cloud, as well as other e-reading platforms.Google said Google eBooks can be read on most devices with a modern browser, through Google apps for iOS and Android smartphones and tablets, and on more than 80 e-readers.Meanwhile, Rowling will continue to issue announcements via YouTube, as she announced Pottermore.com in June.The two sides also agreed to make Google Checkout the preferred third-party payment platform for all purchases made on Rowling's Pottermore.com.Pottermore.com, which will be launched on July 31, will sell ebook and audiobook versions of the seven Harry Potter novels, as well as additional content including background details and settings.According to The Times, the Harry Potter brand value is estimated to be more than 15 billion U.S. dollars. The deal could make Google move some e-reader customers from competitors like Amazon, whose e-reader Kindle does not support Google eBooks.

KUBUQI (Inner Mongolia), July 10 (Xinhuanet) -- Amos Nadai, ambassador of Israel to China, spoke highly of the desertification control efforts in the Kubuqi desert of China during an exclusive interview with Xinhuanet here Saturday. "It's a huge area, which is more than half of my country," Nadai said, "I see a lot of planting and it's very beautiful." Nadai was here for the 2011 Kubuqi International Desert Forum held in the Kubuqi Desert, Inner Mongolia of China. As a small country with half of its land being desert, Israel has to work very hard in desertification control and has accumulated a great deal of experience. However, Nadai praised China's efforts in learning new technologies applied in the Kubuqi desert. He said that China takes this very seriously and has developed really rapidly. "They are doing the right thing; they bring here every two years the best experts from all over the world, and they listened carefully," he said. Nadai said that he saw the way people here fight against desertification, develop tourism, boost the use of clean energy, and he was very impressed. That's why Israel is happy to cooperate with China in this field, Nadai said. He also introduced a long-term project that Israel has been working together with China in Xinjiang, which Israel introduces methods to the local farmers that can grow the same amount of crop by using 50 percent less of water. "The local people have learned everything that we can offer them and they can do it alone now," Nadai said. The ambassador, who was awarded the Honorary Citizenship of Chengdu City, the capital of Sichuan Province, Wednesday, said: "I am very very excited for that honor."

SAN FRANCISCO, June 20 (Xinhua) -- Google and the British Library announced Monday that the Internet search giant will digitize 250,000 out-of-copyright books from the library's collections, making up to 40 million pages from 1700 to 1870 available to the public online.In a joint statement, the British Library and Google said they will work in partnership over the coming years to deliver the content free through Google Books and the library's website, and full text search, download and reading will be available. Google will cover all digitization costs.The project is going to cover a huge range of printed books, pamphlets and periodicals dated 1700 to 1870, a period of political and technological turmoil, from the Industrial Revolution to the French Revolution, from the introduction of the income tax in Britain and the invention of the telegraph and railway.It will include material in a variety of major European languages and will focus on books that are not yet freely available in digital form online, said the statement.Since December 2004, Google has announced partnership with some 40 high-profile university and public libraries, planning to digitize and make available some 15 million volumes within a decade through Google Books service.The project has triggered controversy as publisher and author associations oppose the plan to put copyrighted titles online in a class action lawsuit.

HELSINKI, July 4 (Xinhua) -- A new Finnish research shows that sleeplessness may be hereditary, and insomniacs are more likely to die earlier than people with healthy sleep patterns.The research is the first to link insomnia with mortality risk, Finnish media reported on Monday.The research is conducted by the Institute of Occupational Health in collaboration with the University of Helsinki and the Finnish National Institute for Health and WelfareIn a large-scale twin study, the Finnish researchers followed the health status of 12,500 adult twin pairs during the years from 1990 to 2009. Twenty percent of the participants were suffering from sleeplessness symptoms, including difficulty in initiating sleep, nocturnal awakening and non-restorative sleep.The study found out that compared with unidentical twins, identical twins were more likely to suffer from similar insomnia symptoms. This finding indicates that genetic factors play a role in the formation of insomnia.Moreover, the participants were divided into three groups, according to their sleep qualities. Out of the participants, 48 percent were good sleepers, 40 percent average sleepers and 12 percent poor sleepers. The search result shows that insomnia-related symptoms may increase mortality risk.In addition, compared with good sleepers, 7 percent of the women and 22 percent of the men who were average sleepers were more likely to die earlier; and poor sleepers were 1.5 times more likely to die earlier.According to the researchers, sleeplessness is a common health problem among working-age cohort. Chronic sleeplessness raises the risk of many illnesses and accidents, and thus weakens people's quality of life and ability to operate properly.The experts suggest that insomniacs should seek medical treatment in time, and chronic insomnia patients should be better treated with non-drug therapy.