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The 2016 election was psychologically traumatic for some, according to a new study published in the Journal of American College Health. It found that 1 out of 4 students surveyed experienced clinically significant event-related distress short term.Researchers from San Francisco State University, University of California, San Francisco and Arizona State University assessed a diverse group of nearly 800 undergraduates at Arizona State two to three months after the election.A key battleground, Arizona got a lot of political attention. Ultimately, Trump won Arizona by a narrow margin, earning 48.7% of the vote.The survey students filled out asked questions to determine the emotional effect of the event the election. It asked about the impact the election had on close relationships and assessed clinical symptoms of distress and subclinical impacts, meaning emotions that don't present definitive, more readily observable symptoms.Symptoms included "avoidance," a clinical term used to describe how someone deliberately stays away from whatever is causing them trauma, and "intrusion," a clinical term meaning the inability to keep memories of the source of their trauma from returning. The researchers also looked to see if demographics made a difference.Most of those surveyed, 65%, said the election had no impact on their close relationships. About 24% reported a slight or very negative impact and a little more than 10% reported a positive impact.If the election did have a negative emotional impact, avoidance was more common than intrusion among these students. One-fourth of participants showed clinically significant avoidance and intrusion symptoms in response to the election. Women, Democrats, people who did not identify as Christian and sexual minorities reported significantly more event-related distress, the study found.The students surveyed came from diverse backgrounds and held a mix of political opinions. Of the group, 18.5% reported that they were satisfied with the result of the election, 25% said they were somewhat satisfied, 19.2% said they were somewhat dissatisfied, and 37.2% said they were completely dissatisfied. Thirty-nine percent also reported that they were "considerably or extremely" upset by the election, 28.5% were not at all upset, the rest fell somewhere between.The study had limitations. The survey did not look at conditions long term. It couldn't rule out other stressors. It only looked at this one election and did not evaluate how students reacted in other years.Other studies looking at the 2016 election have found similar results. A study released in June that surveyed nearly 300 students two days before the 2016 election, on election night, and two days after, found that students who were concerned about Trump's ability to govern and those who were a part of the "non-dominant social group," including women and people of color, showed increased signs of stress before and during election night. Biological tests showed some signs of increased stress after the election, although there was a general recovery in mood, according to self-reported results.Lindsay Till Hoyt, who co-authored that study and is not connected with the current work, found this latest research interesting. She was not surprised that students felt increased stress."I think so much of the social media and news about the election really felt personal and aimed at specific groups like Mexican Americans and women," Hoyt, an?assistant professor of psychology at Fordham University,?said.For example, she cites Trump's justification for building a wall between Mexico and the US, saying in a debate "we have some bad hombres here and we're going to get them out." Or when a 2005 "Access Hollywood" tape was released in which Trump talked about how his celebrity status allowed him to behave aggressively with women, saying he could "grab them by the (expletive)" and that he would sometimes "just start kissing them.""Comments like those could hit very close to home, as opposed to arguments about abstract concepts like foreign policy and economic policy, students might not be as well versed in those topics," Hoyt said. "Because there was literal name-calling going on in the election cycle, even with students less politically engaged, that strong language and the harsher crassness of the rhetoric may have had a more broad effect on these students."In another study she and a graduate student are working on, they've noticed that both sides, conservatives and liberals, say they have felt discriminated against during the election, and preliminary results show it has caused them stress that interrupted their sleep."It's not just along ethnic and racial discrimination lines," Hoyt said "Conservatives also feel discrimination is affecting their sleep, it crosses both sides of the political aisle."Another 2018 study looking at how 700 teachers navigated the days after the election with K-12 students, and researchers found stories of such distress. One surveyed teacher remarked "for millions of people, this is real trauma."Beth Sondel,?who co-authored that study of teachers, finds this latest research on college students useful."Many of these young kids that the teachers were talking about in our study weren't privy to the policy being presented in the election, but the rhetoric was so strong it was impacting them," said Sondel, a research assistant professor in the department of instruction and learning at the University of Pittsburgh School of Education.Teachers reported they saw an immediate heightened fear of deportation among students. One teacher reported one of her seventh graders asked her if "Trump can come with a bus and get me?" Another teacher in Nebraska said a high school student who was expecting a baby asked if the teacher would take care of the baby if he was deported. Another teacher reported consoling a second-grade student who told her through tears that she was worried that when she'd get home from school her parents wouldn't be there."In general, I think our results are similar, in that we are finding that even these younger students are internalizing this rhetoric and it is causing stress and trauma," Sondel said. "I think the personal has become really political in this election."The authors hope this latest study will help mental health professionals better counsel college students have. Knowing that an election can cause distress, professionals should ask about it to better target treatment, they said. 6606

Thanksgiving may not have all the fixings this year. Most Americans are planning a scaled back event.But 75% of people told Butterball they plan to have a turkey the same size this year, as last year.“If you're looking for a smaller turkey, I would recommend shopping early to get what you want,” said Andrea Balitewicz, Butterball Turkey Talk-Line Supervisor.While many people are looking for some normalcy this Thanksgiving, 30% are hosting immediate family only.Butterball says there will also be more first-time hosts.“But there's also other products available like our turkey breast roasts, which are perfect for just a couple of people, or you can find the bone in turkey breast and that's a really great product too, and it's some for about six to seven people. So, it's a great product for smaller celebrations.”Butterball is planning the same offerings as usual. About half its turkeys will be in the 10-16 pound range. The other half in the 16-24 pound range.Walmart says it will have 30% more turkey breasts for those that don't want to cook a whole bird, even though they will have plenty of those.Kroger bought more turkeys than usual. It's predicting an increase in demand for alternatives.Turkey sales have been falling in general, according to Nielsen data. Last November they were down 3.5% from the year before. Sales for beef and plant-based meat were up. 1382

The American Academy of Pediatrics is clarifying their stance on reopening schools this fall, pushing for science-based decisions and calling on Congress to provide necessary federal funding for campuses to reopen safely.The AAP, joining together with the American Federation of Teachers (AFT), National Education Association (NEA) and AASA, The School Superintendents Association, said they share the desire to welcome children back to schools this fall, however safety concerns must be considered.“Returning to school is important for the healthy development and well-being of children, but we must pursue re-opening in a way that is safe for all students, teachers and staff. Science should drive decision-making on safely reopening schools. Public health agencies must make recommendations based on evidence, not politics,” the statement reads.They go on to say a one-size-fits-all approach is not appropriate, given the nature of the pandemic across the country. 975

Teachers across the U.S. have had to educate in completely new and challenging ways this year, with some teaching in-person and others instructing from home.“Right now, they are being asked to do the unimaginable and the impossible,” said shea martin, a former educator. “Whether that is teaching in-person during the pandemic or trying to navigate teaching at home with limited resources.”martin left teaching before the pandemic because of the demands and pressures placed on teachers even then. martin simply couldn’t imagine teaching now, with the additional load teachers are being asked to carry. Recently, though, martin created The Anonymous Teachers Speak Project, a blog allowing current educators an online platform to freely speak about what they are going through.“A lot of teachers work in districts and working spaces where they are under contract and cannot share or publicly talk about what is happening with them,” said martin. “That’s an extra burden they have to carry.”With anonymity, roughly 1,000 teachers have posted and participated in the project.“I think that I have read and seen some of the most heartbreaking stuff I have ever seen in my life,” added martin.Many teachers from around the country have posted to the project, writing about safety concerns while teaching, being overworked and over-worried about their students. Some even write about coming to terms with leaving the profession.“Teachers are crying out for help and the profession, and the district, and the schools, and the structures, are ignoring them,” said martin. “I hope it doesn’t happen, but I think we are going to lose a whole generation of teachers.”According to a report recently released by Horace Mann, a company focused on investing and insurance for educators, 27 percent of teachers surveyed--or more than 1 in 4 teachers--are currently considering quitting.“The fact that a quarter of teachers are considering leaving and the fact that there is already a shortage of teachers in the profession, just really make that even more so magnified,” said Tyson Sanders, who is with Mann. “Three out of four teachers are not living comfortably, so if there is an opportunity to be involved in the profession they are so passionate about and continue to help students, I think it is something they will certainly explore.”That seems to be exactly what is happening, especially with teachers overwhelmed in the public-school space. More and more educators are starting to turn to online teaching opportunities with private companies. They’re given more flexible schedules and the pay is often better.“It’s sad because I wish that our government and our system could figure out a way to adequately compensate and appreciate and take care of our students and teachers the way that they should be,” said martinHowever, 1 in 4 teachers haven’t left yet, so maybe there is still a way to prevent such a loss of educators.Editor's note: This story has been updated to reflect how shea martin spells their name, in lowercase letters. 3037

TAMPA — Wearing masks is one of the most important ways to prevent the spread of COVID-19 — and health experts say everyone should continue to care for their face coverings to ensure protection when in public.After wearing a mask for a few months, doctors say there are some clear, tell-tale signs that it is no longer working correctly."When the edges start to fray or if the pieces where they connect start to fall apart, or if they are visibly soiled, then you should really get a new mask," said Dr. Tracey Taylor, the associate dean of USF College of Nursing.Experts also say that if a mask no longer fits over the nose or doesn't have a close fit around the face or chin, it's time to get a new one."It's super important to make sure your mask is fitting appropriately, that it's not visibly soiled, that the edges aren't frayed and that the attachments to the ear loops or tie backs — whatever type you're wearing — is appropriately attached," Taylor said.For those who own cloth masks, experts say owners need to remember to wash them. Experts say washing cloth mask with detergent or soap is best and that they don't need to be washed with super hot water. Those who own cloth masks with filters should remove the filter and clean it separately.However, there's another option."You can put them in a paper bag and seal it up for a couple of days. That'll inactivate any virus that's on it," said Dr. Marissa Levine, a professor of public health practice at USF.After several months, experts say they have more information about which masks are effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19.Cloth masks are most effective when they have at least three layers of material or a spot to add a filter. They're typically the easiest for the general public to use because they're reusable, and doctors say the research shows they mostly prevent the spread of the virus.Although any face covering is better than none, some aren't as effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19.Experts say bandanas are very thin and don't offer the same type of protection as a mask.Doctors say any mask with a valve on it is completely ineffective because the valve allows virus-carrying particles to leak out.Popular neck gaiters that wearers can easily pull up and down don't provide a lot of protection for the wearer or those around them."If you find yourself with a single layer, you could use something like a paper towel inside there to add an extra layer if you need to," Levine said.Experts advise keeping two masks on hand in case one gets lost or breaks."There's no one thing that we do that will protect us to the highest level. It's a series of things," Levine said.This story was originally published by Larissa Scott on WFTS in Tampa, Florida. 2755

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