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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — The topic of voter fraud has been in the spotlight more than usual this election cycle, with President Donald Trump encouraging supporters to volunteer as poll watchers and tweeting about election-related fraud at least eight times in the last week.There are several categories of voter fraud, including ineligible voting by non-citizens or felons; or double voting, when someone illegally casts more than one ballot.Voter fraud is cheating by voters themselves, which is distinct from other forms of election malfeasance, and there have been dozens of studies aimed at measuring it over the last few years.There are essentially two types of academic research on voter fraud: studies that examine documented cases of voter fraud, such as ones mentioned in news articles or criminal prosecutions; and studies that try to predict how much fraud might be going undetected, using advanced statistics and artificial intelligence techniques.Pam Smith, the former president of the non-partisan Verified Voting Foundation, summarizes the research on documented voter fraud this way: “There's an infinitesimal amount of voter fraud where a voter is intentionally doing something fraudulent.”A 2007 study by the Brennan Center at New York University calculated the rate of voter fraud in three elections in the early 2000s at between 0.0003% to 0.0025%.The odds of being struck by lightning in a given year is 0.0002%.The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, keeps a database of known cases of voter fraud. It now has 1,298 examples.The examples date back to 1982 and cover both presidential and off-year contests. There were more than 1 billion votes cast in presidential contests alone during that span.But those are the known cases. What about undetected cases of voter fraud?This is an area of study called election forensics, where researchers use advanced statistics and machine learning to estimate irregularities.One study by researchers at Harvard and Stanford universities looked at voter registration data in the 2012 election and used algorithms to estimate that the maximum amount of double voting was .02%, or 1 out of every 4,000 ballots.But the researchers also showed that most, if not all, of these possible double votes, could have actually been innocent clerical errors. The researchers audited poll books in Philadelphia and found a 1% error rate; an error rate of 1.3% would be enough to explain all of the irregularities.There are other kinds of fraud, called election fraud, like the illegal ballot harvesting in North Carolina’s 9th District in 2018. But Smith, of Verified Voting, said those cases are actually easier to catch because they typically involve multiple people.In the very rare cases when they do happen, judges can order an election re-do.“Fraud on any kind of massive scale, as we've heard talked about, that doesn't happen,” Smith said. “And there are safeguards and guardrails in place to prevent it.”Smith said California’s guardrails include pre-election testing of voting machines and other equipment and audits after the election.California voters can also sign up for a free tool called “Where’s My Ballot?” The service will send automated alerts the moment your ballot is received and counted. 3270

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — This week, San Diego County will learn whether its coronavirus case rate forces the region to move into California's restrictive purple tier of reopening.If the county is forced to move into the most restrictive tier, several business types will have to enact more stringent capacity limits or move operations outdoors only:Retail stores at 25% capacity indoors,Restaurants can have outdoor dining only,Shopping centers at 25% capacity with closed common areas and a closed food court,Personal care businesses can have outdoor operations after working indoors with modifications.Museums, zoos, and aquariums can operate outdoors only,Places of worship and movie theaters can be outdoors only,Gyms and fitness centers can operate outdoors onlyLast month, California moved personal care services, like nail salons, tattoo parlors, and skin care services, into the same category as hair salons and barbershops. These businesses can operate indoors with modifications in any tier.RELATED:San Diego businesses feel the squeeze between coronavirus and winter weatherIf San Diego County falls to purple tier, some schools may delay reopeningMany San Diego business owners fear move to dreaded purple tierLast week, county public health officials reported an unadjusted case rate of 8.7 cases per 100,000 people, and an adjusted 7.4 case rate. County spokesman Michael Workman said if the region does fall into the purple tier, the new restrictions would take effect 12:01 a.m. Saturday. This time, however, they would not be accompanied by an additional round of federal stimulus money to help small businesses make it through. "It's sustainable for a few months at time, but if you start talking about 12 to 18 months of this you're going to see hundreds and hundreds of restaurants and bars go out of business," said Steve Billings, owner of North Park's Original 40 Brewing Company. Ben Clevenger, President of the San Diego County chapter of the California Restaurant Association, says they are writing a letter asking local and state officials for a one-week extension in hopes the COVID-19 metrics improve.As for their members, he says it's up for each restaurant owner to decide what to do."We keep advising them to do safe social distancing, safe operation practices," Clevenger said. "But at the end of the day, it's up to them, the individual businesses, whether to they're going to stay open or close and follow the guidelines. I think right now, there's a lot of restaurants in survival mode, and they don't have a choice but to stay open and hope for the best."The purple tier also requires a case rate of 7.0 or more and testing positivity of 8% or more. The county's testing positivity has largely sat at 3% to 3.5% for the last four weeks, which falls within the positivity metric for the orange tier of reopening.If the county falls into the purple tier, it will have to meet red tier criteria for two consecutive weeks before it can move forward, according to the state. 3008

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The San Diego Unified School District approved a plan Tuesday night that outlines how the district plans to reopen in the fall. The school board voted unanimously to move forward with a plan that would allow parents to decide if their students return to campus in the fall of 2020 or continue distance learning at home. Students returning to in-person learning will go to school for the full day of class every day, not a staggered schedule. All in-person learning is subject to federal and local health guidelines like wearing a mask, 6 feet of social distancing, and frequent hand washing. If parents feel their child is not ready to go back to campus, they can continue online. The district called it "Distance Learning 2.0," an improvement to the current online learning in place. The board voted to move forward with the plan despite only having enough funding for only half of the school year. The second half is dependent on federal funding. This does not mean the district would run out of money for the year; it means all students would have to return to online learning for the second half of the year. School board members said this vote was just the beginning of a long process to restart school in the fall, adding that things could be updated as local and state guidelines change. 1323

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) - The record-breaking heat and drought are forcing animals, including coyotes, out of their natural habitats and closer to humans.Krystal Ruiz lost her two dogs, Millie and Pepe, to coyotes last week.“It's sad; it's very sad. I'm just lost for words. I don't know,” said Ruiz.Her friends and neighbors aren’t surprised.RELATED: Escondido man attacked by coyote“They have said they've seen coyotes wandering around. I'm also on the nextdoor app, and they said they've seen coyotes or a friend has seen coyotes snatch a dog and kill it.”Early August is also pupping season when newly-weaned coyotes venture out on their own for food and water.“Just like us, they're trying to find reprieve from the heat. They're trying to find water sources and places to have a cool day,” said Carly Padilla of San Diego Humane Society.RELATED: Snake, coyote encounter in Arizona captured by viewerThe University of California Coyote Catcher website tracks sightings and attacks. Their figures for 2018 show coyote incidents are down compared to last year. In 2017, there were 142 coyote attacks. More than halfway through 2018, San Diego is on track to stay below that number, with 64 attacks.According to the website, there have been six reported pet deaths this year.“I believe we were getting one to two calls earlier this season. And since the summer hit, we're getting 5-7 calls a week,” Padilla said.RELATED: Dry spell could be contributed to coyote sightingsExperts remind pet owners to keep them inside or on a short leash. Another recommendation: don’t leave food or water outside your home. Pet owners should also stay alert in the morning and evening when coyotes are especially active. If you encounter a coyote, take action.“You get big, bad and loud. You want to scare the coyote. You want to make sure the coyote sees a human, they get fearful, and they want to keep their distance from us,” said Padilla.The Humane Society has more information on dealing with coyotes. 2003

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- The San Diego Blood Bank is hosting a Holiday Bowl blood drive during a time of year when donations are typically low. The drive will be held Thursday, November 21 between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. in the SDCCU Stadium parking lot, sections A and B. Donors are encouraged to make an appointment ahead of time, but walk-ins are also welcome. The blood bank says they hope to get several hundred people to donate, because the winter is always a slow time."People get busy, they go on vacation, and blood donation kind of falls off as a top priority," says Blood Bank CEO David Wellis. "The need for blood, though, doesn't decline.The blood bank likes to have a 4-7 day supply on hand. Right now, Wellis says they have about 2 days. They hope Thursday's drive will bring the supply back up.RELATED: With Chargers gone, San Diego Blood Bank plans a more inclusive holiday blood driveThis year, donors will receive a pair of tickets to the Holiday Bowl on December 27. The decision to pair with the football game ties the holiday-season blood drive back to football.For years, the blood bank and the Chargers teamed up for the event. But when the Chargers left San Diego after 2016, they took the blood drive with them.In 2017, the blood bank tried a sports-themed event called "San Diego Cares" to get donations. 700 people gave blood that day.By contrast, the Chargers Blood Drive would get anywhere from 800-2,000 donors.The blood bank hopes offering free Holiday Bowl tickets will help build this event to the same level of success."I think, over time, it will," says Willis. "We've done Comic-Con for 43 years. That started off small and it's giant now. And in the summer we have the annual Padres blood drive that's growing quite nicely."Games and giveaways will also be set up throughout the day. To be eligible to donate blood, participants must be at least 17 years old and weigh at least 114 pounds. Donors must also be in general good health. While the blood bank had asked people to sign up for a specific time, they say anyone is welcome to drive in and donate without an appointment.RELATED: San Diego man celebrates 50 years of donations to San Diego Blood Bank 2192