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WASHINGTON, Nov. 7 (Xinhua) -- U.S. researchers have demonstrated for the first time that the brain is a key player in regulating glucose (sugar) metabolism in humans.The findings, published Monday in the online edition of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, suggest that drugs targeting the brain and central nervous system could be a novel approach to treating diabetes."The brain is the body's only organ that needs a constant supply of glucose to survive, so it makes sense that it would have some say over how much glucose is produced," said study leader Meredith Hawkins, professor of medicine and director of the Global Diabetes Initiative at Yeshiva University, in a statement. "This role for the brain was demonstrated in earlier studies in rodents, but there was considerable controversy over whether the results could be applied to humans. We hope this study helps to settle the matter."In an earlier study in rodents, researchers showed that activation of potassium channels in the brain's hypothalamus sends signals to the liver that dampen its production of glucose. Those findings, published in Nature in 2005, challenged the conventional thinking that blood sugar production by the liver (the body's glucose factory) is regulated only by the pancreas (which makes insulin to metabolize glucose). But carefully performed studies on dogs, conducted at Vanderbilt University, failed to replicate the results, suggesting the Einstein findings in rodents might not be relevant to higher mammals, including humans.The current study, involving people, was aimed at resolving this controversy. Ten nondiabetic subjects were given oral diazoxide, a drug that activates potassium channels in the hypothalamus. (The drug is not used to treat diabetes.) Hormone secretion by the pancreas was controlled to ensure that any change in sugar production would only have occurred through the drug's effect on the brain. After the researchers administered the drug, blood tests revealed that patients' livers were producing significantly less glucose than before.Hawkins and her team then repeated this in rats, again giving diazoxide orally, achieving similar results. They confirmed that sufficient amounts of diazoxide crossed the blood-brain barrier to affect potassium channels in the hypothalamus. Additional experiments confirmed that diazoxide was working through the brain. Specifically, the researchers were able to completely block the effects of diazoxide by infusing a specific potassium channel blocker directly into the brain."This study confirms that the brain plays a significant role in regulating glucose production by the liver," said lead author Preeti Kishore, assistant professor of medicine. "We are now investigating whether this 'brain-to-liver' pathway is impaired in people with diabetes. If so, we may be able to restore normal glucose regulation by targeting potassium channels in the brain."

BEIJING, Jan. 5 (Xinhua) -- The U.S. Secretary of Treasury Timothy Geithner will visit China from Jan. 10 to 11 as a special representative of the U.S. President Barack Obama, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei announced on Thursday.Timothy Geithner's visit is at the invitation of Chinese Vice Premier Wang Qishan, said Hong.Chinese top leaders will meet with Timothy Geithner and exchange views with him on issues concerning Sino-US economical relations and the world's economic and financial situations, Hong said.

ALMATY, Nov. 4 (Xinhua) -- Kazakhstan's Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS said Friday that the country had 17,266 registered HIV carriers as of Oct. 1,compared with 15,908 as of Feb. 1, 2010.Of the HIV-positive people, 1,432 were diagnosed with AIDS while 1,110 people carrying the virus AIDS have died, the center said.Last year, it said, a total of 1,969 new HIV cases were reported in the country.

HELSINKI, Nov.23 (Xinhua) -- Nokia Siemens Networks is planning to cut its workforce by 17,000 worldwide by the end of 2013, the company said in a statement on Wednesday in Espoo, Finland.The company said the measures are part of an extensive global restructuring program, in which it will focus on mobile broadband and services."We need to take the necessary steps to maintain long term competitiveness and improve profitability in a challenging telecommunications market," said the company's Chief Executive Rajeev Suri in the statement.Rajeev Suri called the job cuts regrettable but necessary, and said the company would provide support for individuals and communities affected by the cuts, but defended the decision on economic grounds.Nokia Siemens is aiming to cut operating expenditures by around a billion euros over two years.Some 74,000 people currently work for the Espoo-based company in 150 countries, around 7,000 in Finland. The company will announce the geographical distribution of the job cuts later on.

BEIJING, Jan. 21 (Xinhua) -- A locomotive producer in central China's Hunan province on Friday rolled out a low-cost magnetically levitated (maglev) train that is more environmental-friendly than conventional ones.The three-carriage train is designed to run at a maximum speed of 100 km per hour and carry 600 passengers, said Xu Zongxiang, general manager of Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co. Ltd. of China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock Corporation (CSR). Xu said the new train was much quieter than conventional ones. While a conventional train moves forward by using friction between its wheels and the railway tracks, the maglev train replaces wheels by electromagnets and levitates on the guideway. According to Xu, his company's has minimized the risk of the new maglev train derailing or overturning. "It's ideal for mass transportation, as it is quiet and environmental-friendly. Its manufacturing cost is about 75 percent of a conventional light-rail train," said Xu. The maglev train has a minimum turning radius of 50 meters and can easily run in residential communities or on hilly slopes. "It's an ideal public transport option for Chinese cities and major tourist destinations," said Xu. Railway transport specialist Liu Youmei, also an academician with Chinese Academy of Engineering, said the new train is green, economical and safe. "It can be used for public transport in populous areas and at scenic spots with fragile environments." Liu said China is one of a few countries that have applied maglev technology. Beijing is building a maglev route, the Daitai line (S1), which starts at its IT center in Haidian district, passes through Shijingshan district, and ends in Mentougou district on its western outskirts. The line will be operational next year.The eastern metropolitan of Shanghai runs the world's first commercial maglev system on a 30-km stretch between the downtown business district and Pudong airport. The German-made maglev went into operation on Dec. 31, 2002.