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BEIJING, Sept. 16 (Xinhua) -- After several similar criminal cases led to greatly varying punishments triggering public concerns, Chinese courts are adopting a series of measures to ensure uniform standards for sentencing criminals.On Oct. 1, two documents that instruct judges on uniform procedures for sentence measurements will be put into use in all Chinese courts, which is said to be a "major reform" for the country's legal system regarding criminal prosecution.According to the new procedures, courts should first set up a penalty baseline for a criminal case based upon basic criminal facts. Then additional punishments will be added according to the amount of money involved, the frequency of the defendants' violations, the consequences and other factors. At last, courts will adjust the results considering the case's overall nature and issue a final sentence.The move came after a series of similar drunk driving cases that led to greatly varying punishments.In July 2009, the Intermediate People's Court of Chengdu in southwestern Sichuan Province sentenced a drunk driver named Sun Weiming to death following an auto accident in which he was driving without a license and killed four people. In the second trial, the verdict was changed to life imprisonment.Sun's case was deemed as a crime against public security.However, one month later another drunk driver in central China's Henan Province only received a jail term of six years and six months for killing six and injuring seven people.That case was ruled to be a traffic accident crime."(The reform) is of significant importance for regulating judicial actions, providing uniform standards for law applications, promoting righteous and uncorrupted justice and boosting the authority and credibility of the country's courts," said Wang Shengjun, president of the Supreme People's Court (SPC), at a Thursday meeting."The Criminal Law only lays down a very wide range of sentences for certain types of crimes, and thus it is very difficult for prosecutors to give a specific sentence based on that," said SPC vice president Xiong Xuanguo in an exclusive interview with Xinhua Thursday.Xiong noted that different judges, given their different knowledge, manners and experience, will also have varied views on the same case.According to the documents, another major change is to introduce advice on sentence measurements from procuratorate organs, including the types and scopes of punishments and how to implement them.Also, courts are allowed to organize public prosecutors, parties involved, their defenders and legal representatives to offer their own advice on sentencing measurements.With the introduction of sentencing measurement advice from defenders, legal representatives and other parties involved, the new rules were expected to balance judges' considerable powers of discretion, said Professor Chen Weidong with the Renmin University of China.According to the SPC, since June last year more than 120 pilot Chinese courts have already been following the new procedures when prosecuting 45,000 criminal cases in 15 regular categories, including traffic accidents, robbery, theft, and drugs, among others.The trial practice has seen positive results as sentences among cases of similar natures and those in different regions were not as varied as before.The rate of appeals and change of sentences in second trials also dropped in these courts, according to Xiong.Meanwhile, Xiong sought to assure those concerned that the new rules would not excessively limit judges' powers as "the standards for sentence measurements, themselves, were made based on all prosecutors' discretion." < "If the measurement results are not appropriate, judges will still have the right to make certain adjustments," Xiong said, adding that local courts will also set down detailed sentence measures according to the characteristics of their regions."The reform is an inevitable process for China's criminal prosecution to transform from rough estimation to precise, scientific and canonical," Professor Chen said.

BEIJING, Nov. 4 (Xinhua) -- China will strengthen exchanges and cooperation with its neighboring countries to further deepen their mutual understanding and friendship, a senior Chinese diplomat said Thursday.Hu Zhengyue, Chinese assistant foreign minister, said China supports social and cultural exchanges between different countries on the basis of respecting each other's tradition, social system and developing mode.The recent years have seen dynamic exchanges between China and its neighboring countries and their cooperation has been broadened and enriched, Hu said in a Foreign Ministry media release."In 2009 alone, there are about 21.7 million visitors coming from northeast, southeast and south Asian countries," he said."Besides, more than 160,000 foreign students studying in China in 2009 were from Asian countries," he added.China attaches great importance to enhancing communication and exchanges between young people of Asian countries, and has established young people's regular exchanging mechanism with Japan, India, Vietnam, Mongolia and Pakistan, he said.

BEIJING, Oct. 12 (Xinhua) -- China said Tuesday people-to-people exchanges between China and Japan are important in the improvement and development of bilateral relations.Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu made the comment at a regular press briefing here.According to reports, Japan's Japan-China Friendship Association Sunday said on its website that China has informed the Japanese Foreign Ministry that it will accept a visit by some 1,000 Japanese youngsters to Shanghai to attend the 2010 World Expo.The youngsters will visit Shanghai from October 27 to 30.Ma's comment confirmed the visit by Japanese youngsters."We welcome more Japanese youngsters attending the 2010 Shanghai World Expo," Ma said.People-to-people exchanges, youngsters in particular, between the two countries are very important in the improvement and development of bilateral relations, Ma said.

YUSHU, Qinghai, Sept. 22 (Xinhua) -- It has been six years since Zhaduo was moved away from his home on the ecologically vulnerable grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, but the 33-year-old said he still misses his yaks and the life of a herdsman."The money for selling 40 yaks and 25 sheep has been used," Zhaduo said. "It is so expensive to now live near the town center. Everything costs big money."Zhaduo is one of the emigrants from Rima village in Yushu County of northwest China’s Qinghai Province, near the source of China' s three major rivers - the Yangtze, the Yellow River, and the Lancang River - which form the world' s highest plateau wetland, known as Asia' s water tower.China started moving people out of the 150,000-sq-kilometer Sanjiangyuan region more than five years ago in a bid to repair the ecological system damaged by excessive herding and to transform the area into an unpopulated nature reserve.So far, some 50,000 herdsmen, mostly Tibetans, have bid farewell to the nomadic life and were moved closer to the town centers near their old homes, where they have better access to health and educational resources.Zhaduo now lives in Jiajiniang village, twelve minutes' drive from Gyegu township of Yushu. The family is surviving by picking mountain-grown caterpillar fungus.Zhaduo basically has no jobs in the months other than the harvest season from May to June, and he has no sense of security since he is relying on a business which can be bankrupt by inadequate rainfalls or abnormal climate changes."There is no way to return - the grassland is sealed off by the government and, anyway, I don' t have money to buy yaks and sheep," Zhaduo said.China' s policy makers have been urged to double their efforts to help the Sanjiangyuan emigrants adapt to the new life so the herdsmen who have no job skills do not have to be sacrificed by the massive ecological repair project.The government has earmarked 7.5 billion yuan (900 million US dollars) for the project.Li Xiaonan, deputy director of the Sanjiangyuan Ecological Preservation and Construction Office, said since efforts began to repair the wetland, it is now able to hold more water and the quality of the water has improved.The rising population, as well as overgrazing, have been blamed for the deteriorating ecosystem.Official statistics show that only 130,000 people lived in the prefectures of Guoluo and Yushu of the Sanjiangyuan region in 1949. However, the population grew five times over the past six decades.Li said the resettlement of 50,000 herdsmen is the key to improving the ecosystem, but the government will now have to find ways to provide more forms of aid, other than handing out quotas of free grain and cash subsidies to the resettled herdsmen.Additionally, the provincial government offers vocational training and has set aside funds to encourage small private businesses.Gongsangranjia is one of a few beneficiaries. He runs a Tibetan drug store near the town in the heart of Nangqian County, Yushu prefecture. Gongsangranjia and his family of ten moved out of the grassland 110 kilometers away from town some seven years ago.Since then, he sold two hundred yaks and sheep to build a spacious house and set up a drug store."The store income averages 300 to 400 yuan a day. The business is not bad," said Caiding, Gongsangranjia' s wife.Wang Hengsheng, a researcher with the Qinghai Academy of Social Sciences, said the resettlement program is not just "moving people out" but also helping them live a better life in a different environment."If they can not survive by themselves in the new environment, the Sanjiangyuan region won’t be able to achieve a long-term coordinated development of the ecosystem and the economy," Wang said.Ping Zhiqiang, an official with the provincial Development and Reform Commission of Qinghai, said the government should help resettled herdsman master a marketable trade and assist the region in developing a profitable sector. Only then can the improvement of the ecosystem be secured.