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William Nordhaus and Paul Romer were awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize in economics on Monday for their work on climate change and innovation.Story is developing... 172

WHEATON, Ill. -- As the death toll from the coronavirus nears 200,000, recovery can be difficult for those who have survived the illness. But the first ever double-lung transplants for COVID-19 survivors is providing new hope for medical centers around the country and world.Brian Kuhns is at the beginning of a long and grueling road to recovery.Each day, he endures several difficult physical therapy sessions to rebuild his weakened body.“This is real tough,” said Kuhns. “All this stuff runs through my mind that I have to do and now I can't be like this.”Kuhns, who initially didn’t take the coronavirus seriously, contracted the deadly virus in early March. The illness was like nothing he’d ever felt before.“It was just like, I'm kind of walking dead. Fever, shaking so hard I can't believe it.”The virus that has now taken the lives of more than 190,000 Americans was destroying his lungs.About 100 days on life-support and isolated from his family for more than three months, the 62-year-old grandfather was near death more than once.“Yeah, I thought I was going to die for sure. I thought it was over,” said Kuhns.After 39 years at his side, Kuhns' wife Nancy couldn’t be in the hospital with him. On the phone, she pushed him to keep fighting.“I keep give him a lot of confidence even when they told me he wasn't gonna make it. I kept telling them that he was,” she said.His doctors at Northwestern Memorial Hospital determined his only chance for survival was a double-lung transplant.After 10 hours in surgery, Kuhns became only the second known coronavirus patient ever to have both lungs replaced.“I fought back, gasping for air, 24 hours a day. As hard as you could breathe,” said Kuhns.Dr. Mahesh Ramachandran, the chief medical officer at Northwestern Medicine’s Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital, says they’ve already discharged 125 COVID-19 patients since the pandemic began. Rehab, says Dr. Ramachandran, is essential to recovery.“They get quite deconditioned. They get quite weak. They have neurologic problems, cardiac problems that need to be managed before they can safely go home,” said Dr. Ramachandran.Two months after the revolutionary transplant, Kuhns is still getting used to his new lungs.“I could feel it all the way down,” he said with a deep breath.But he continues to fight and implores others to wear a mask and avoid others or face the consequences.“This is a crazy disease. Some people get away with it and other people it nails,” said Kuhns. “I was one of the ones it nailed. So, you want to make a choice. You know which one you want to be.”After nearly six months in the hospital, if all goes well, he could go home by the end of the month. 2692

With news of two highly effective COVID-19 vaccines on the horizon, health officials and scientists are giving us new insight into how we could gain herd immunity."If we think of the population as a single group of people with all similar risks and susceptibilities and behaviors, we need 60% of people to be immune, meaning that not only they don’t get sick, but also they don't pass on the virus to other people," says Dr. Stuart Ray, an infectious disease professor and herd immunity expert at Johns Hopkins University.Dr. Ray says achieving herd immunity with the help of a COVID-19 vaccine would mean enough people would either get the vaccine or already have recovered from the virus and be immune to help stop the spread of the virus."It's a little bit like this notion that if you’re going to pass on a message from a lot of people in a group, they have to speak the same language. And the more people don't speak the language, the harder it's going to be to pass that message and there’s a threshold at which the message just gets stopped," says Dr. Ray.Still, it would take a certain number of people to get the vaccine and have that immunity last in order to reach herd immunity. Stanford University's Dr. Bali Pulendran hopes that we can achieve herd immunity, even though there are a certain number of people who are still hesitant to take the vaccine."I think we should remember that a vaccine that is 95% effective is only effective if the majority of people in a population take it. If only half the population or only 60% of the population take it, then we are unlikely to have achieved the level of herd immunity that you need for curbing the disease," says Dr. Pulendran.And if the new COVID-19 vaccine requires two doses, how crucial will it be to make sure people receive that second round of immunization?Asked whether follow up will be a concern, Dr. Ray says, "I think it is a possible concern. We’re going to do a lot of learning. So, one of the things we’ve learned is that some vaccines we thought you needed multiple doses, one dose works pretty well."Doctors say research will be ongoing on the vaccine and the virus itself to ensure people will be protected as much as possible, because so many are hopeful for an end to COVID-19. 2268

When Sen. Bernie Sanders did this in 2013, he did it alone.On Wednesday, nearly four years later, Sanders introduced a new "Medicare for all" health care bill with a third of the Senate Democratic caucus by his side.Flanked at first by New York Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand and Connecticut Sen. Richard Blumenthal, Sanders called the costs of the current system "insane and unaffordable," promising that the average family would benefit financially under his plan "because you will no longer be writing checks to private insurance companies."For those whose taxes would go up, he added, "that expense will be more than offset by the money are you are saving with the elimination of private insurance costs." 710

Wings and wagers? Buffalo Wild Wings thinks they're a natural fit.The sports bar chain, which has about 1,200 restaurants in all 50 states, said it is exploring the possibility of offering sports wagering now that the Supreme Court has opened the door for states to legalize sports betting."As the largest sports bar in America, we believe Buffalo Wild Wings is uniquely positioned to leverage sports gaming to enhance the restaurant experience for our guests," a company spokesperson said Thursday. "We are actively exploring opportunities, including potential partners, as we evaluate the next steps for our brand."Three states -- New Jersey, Delaware and Louisiana -- have legalized sports gambling since the Supreme Court decision in May. Before the ruling, Nevada was the only state where it was legal to bet on sports.Many other states are considering legislation that will allow for sports betting in the hopes of cashing in on what could be a multibillion-dollar industry."We're still waiting for state legislatures and regulators to hash out licensing rules, so it's unclear how they'll [Buffalo Wild Wings] have opportunity to participate," said John Decree, head of North America equity for Union Gaming, a boutique investment bank that focuses on the gaming industry.Current there are 43 states with some type of legal casino. But even states without casinos could move to allow sports gambling.Decree said that he thinks it's likely that Buffalo Wild Wings will partner with an established casino or other sports betting entity, rather than try to get licenses on its own as states move to allow sports wagering."It'll be hard for them to try to get licensed in every state that allows it. There's a lot of legal costs and time involved," he said.Much of the coming boom in sports gaming is expected to take place online, especially on mobile apps, meaning that many customers watching games at a Buffalo Wild Wings will be able to place bets at a variety of sports books in their states.Decree said it's likely that some states that allow online wagering will require people to put money on their account in person and using cash, rather than using a credit card.In that case, Buffalo Wild Wings could reach an agreement with some sports books that would allow people to put money on their account in one of their restaurants."That alone can generate a lot of foot traffic," he said.Buffalo Wild Wings was purchased for .9 billion earlier this year by privately-held Arby's. 2533