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LOS ANGELES, Oct. 3 (Xinhua) -- An organizer of the World Stem Cell Summit says one of the key problems medical researchers face these days is how to apply their findings in the real world."How do you take the phenomenal scientific research going on in labs and translate it into medical treatments,?" said Bernie Siegel, the founder and co-chair of the summit and executive director of the Genetic Policy Institute, which organized the event."It's a big job to do this, and more than just the science," Siegel said, noting that in a growing field now moving beyond basic lab research, the aim is to connect the people who do the work with those who finance it.The three-day summit, which opened Monday in Pasadena, features more than 150 top international speakers and 50 hours of programming with leaders from science, pharmaceutics, business, policy, ethics, law and other fields.The cell therapy industry, a "nascent" field, has emerged to be a potentially multi-billion business with unlimited potential, Siegel said.Stephen Dalton, a University of Georgia professor, reported that one of the biggest developments in stem cell research in the past year was the realization that cells can be transdifferentiated from one state to another without returning to a pluripotent state.Dalton said the principle was previously supported by a few isolated examples but it was not until 2010 that the idea was widely accepted.Mark Sussman, a professor from San Diego State University, called the identification of lung stem cells from human tissue samples capable of regenerating the highly complex and specialized structures of mature lungs a breakthrough in lung biology and regenerative medicine.He said results presented by the Anversa group in the New England Journal of Medicine demonstrate that human lung stem cells can be expanded in vitro and also retain the capacity to integrate into adult tissue upon introduction into mice.The study, Sussman said, has opened up an entirely new field of possibilities for lung regeneration and potential therapeutic applications for many conditions where treatment options are either very limited or nonexistent.

WASHINGTON, Nov. 24 (Xinhua) -- An inexpensive drug that treats Type 2 diabetes has been shown to prevent a number of natural and man-made chemicals from stimulating the growth of breast cancer cells, according to a newly published study by a Michigan State University researcher. The research, led by pediatrics professor James Trosko and colleagues from South Korea's Seoul National University, provides biological evidence for previously reported epidemiological surveys that long-term use of the drug metformin for Type 2 diabetes reduces the risk of diabetes-associated cancers, such as breast cancers.The research appeared online this week in PLoS One.For the study, Trosko and colleagues focused on the concept that cancers originate from adult human stem cells and that there are many natural and man-made chemicals that enhance the growth of breast cancer cells. Using culture dishes, they grew miniature human breast tumors, or mammospheres, that activated a certain stem cell gene. Then the mammospheres were exposed to natural estrogen -- a known growth factor and potential breast tumor promoter -- and man-made chemicals that are known to promote tumors or disrupt the endocrine system.The team found that estrogen and the chemicals caused the mammospheres to increase in numbers and size. However, with metformin added, the numbers and size of the mammospheres were dramatically reduced. While each of the chemicals enhanced growth by different means, metformin seemed to be able to inhibit their stimulated growth in all cases."While future studies are needed to understand the exact mechanism by which metformin works to reduce the growth of breast cancers, this study reveals the need to determine if the drug might be used as a preventive drug and for individuals who have no indication of any existing cancers," Trosko said.

SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 10 (Xinhua) -- Apple announced on Monday that pre-orders of its iPhone 4S have topped 1 million in a single day, surpassing the previous single-day pre-order record of the company's smartphone.The iPhone 4S pre-orders surpassed 1 million in the first 24 hours and the previous single day pre-order record held by iPhone 4 is 600,000, according to Apple."We are blown away with the incredible customer response to iPhone 4S," Philip Schiller, Apple's senior vice president of worldwide product marketing, said in a statement."The first day pre-orders for iPhone 4S have been the most for any new product that Apple has ever launched and we are thrilled that customers love iPhone 4S as much as we do," he added.U.S., newly installed Chief Executive Officer Tim Cook takes stage to give a general introduction of Apple's products, Oct. 4, 2011. Apple Inc. last Tuesday unveils iPhone 4S, the much-anticipated latest generation of iPhone.The iPhone 4S, which looks the same as the iPhone 4 but has major hardware upgrade inside, is available for pre-order last Friday and set to first arrive in stores in the United States this Friday.So far, iPhone 4, which, according to Apple, has been sold more than the first three generations of iPhones combined, is Apple's best selling iPhone.The pre-order numbers are good news for Apple as the initial introduction of iPhone 4S last Tuesday has not lived up to the anticipation of some investors and analysts, and spurred a new wave of concerns about whether the company could keep its innovation momentum in the wake of the passing of its co-founder Steve Jobs last Wednesday.

SAN FRANCISCO, Nov. 3 (Xinhua)-- Amazon on Thursday launched an e-book lending service for owners of its Kindle devices, letting them borrow one digital book per month with no due date.Amazon said Kindle owners with an annual Prime membership can choose from thousands of books to borrow for free, including over 100 current and former New York Times Bestsellers. The online retail giant did not give an exact figure on the number of books of the new service.According to the company, readers' notes, highlights and bookmarks in borrowed books will be saved, so they will have them later if they purchase or re-borrow the book. Customers can have one book out at a time and the borrowed book should be returned through the Kindle device when they want to borrow a new one.In a press release, Amazon said it has reached agreement with publishers for a vast majority of titles for a fixed fee. But in some cases, Amazon is purchasing a title each time it is borrowed by a reader under standard wholesale terms.An Amazon Prime membership costs 79.99 U.S. dollars a year in the United States and gives members free two-day shipping and free access to the company's video streaming service containing some 13, 000 TV shows and movies.The new service is not compatible with smartphones, personal computers or tablet computers from other vendors running with Kindle apps, which makes Amazon's Kindle e-ink readers and its latest low-price tablet Kindle Fire more enticing to customers.According to Amazon, the Kindle Fire, which is priced at 199 U. S. dollars, will be released on Nov. 15.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 22 (Xinhua) -- The journal Science on Thursday chose the HPTN 052 clinical trial, an international HIV prevention trial as the 2011 Breakthrough of the Year.The study found that if HIV-infected heterosexual individuals begin taking anti-retroviral medicines when their immune systems are relatively healthy as opposed to delaying therapy until the disease has advanced, they are 96 percent less likely to transmit the virus to their uninfected partners. Findings from the trial, first announced in May, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in August.The study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health."The HPTN 052 study convincingly demonstrated that anti- retroviral medications can not only treat but also prevent the transmission of HIV infection among heterosexual individuals," said NIAID Director Anthony Fauci in a statement. "We are pleased that Science recognized the extraordinary public health significance of these study results."Science's list of nine other ground-breaking scientific achievements from 2011 include:The Hayabusa Mission: After some near-disastrous technical difficulties and a stunningly successful recovery, Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft returned to Earth with dust from the surface of a large, S-type asteroid. This asteroid dust represented the first direct sampling of a planetary body in 35 years, and analysis of the grains confirmed that the most common meteorites found on Earth, known as ordinary chondrules, are born from these much larger, S-type asteroids.Unraveling Human Origins: Studying the genetic code of both ancient and modern human beings, researchers discovered that many humans still carry DNA variants inherited from archaic humans, such as the mysterious Denisovans in Asia and still-unidentified ancestors in Africa. One study this year revealed how archaic humans likely shaped our modern immune systems, and an analysis of Australopithecus sediba fossils in South Africa showed that the ancient hominin possessed both primitive and Homo-like traits.Capturing a Photosynthetic Protein: In vivid detail, researchers in Japan have mapped the structure of the Photosystem II, or PSII, protein that plants use to split water into hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The crystal-clear image shows off the protein's catalytic core and reveals the specific orientation of atoms within. Now, scientists have access to this catalytic structure that is essential for life on Earth -- one that may also hold the key to a powerful source of clean energy.Pristine Gas in Space: Astronomers using the Keck telescope in Hawaii to probe the faraway universe wound up discovering two clouds of hydrogen gas that seem to have maintained their original chemistry for two billion years after the big bang. Other researchers identified a star that is almost completely devoid of metals, just as the universe's earliest stars must have been, but that formed much later. The discoveries show that pockets of matter persisted unscathed amid eons of cosmic violence.