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WASHINGTON, Aug. 18 (Xinhua) -- Black scientists were significantly less likely than their white counterparts to receive research funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), according to an analysis of data from 2000 to 2006.University of Kansas Professor of Economics Donna Ginther was the lead author on the study commissioned by the NIH, which will appear Friday in journal Science.The researchers found a 10 percentage point gap in research funding -- even after taking into consideration demographics, education and training, employer characteristics, NIH experience and research productivity. For example, for every 100 grants submitted to NIH, 30 grants from white applicants were funded, compared to 20 grants for black applicants.Applications for NIH funding go through peer review that considers the significance, innovation and approach of grant applications, the investigator(s) and the research environment. About half of the applications are determined to be worth scoring. Among those scored, budgets and NIH Institutes priorities determine which applications are funded. Priorities can vary by year and by Institute.The study found that applications from black researchers were less likely to be scored and on average had worse scores. After controlling for the score of the grant, there were no race or ethnicity differences in funding.Applicants self-identify race, ethnicity and gender, but that information is not available during the peer review. However, biographical facts that are included in the review materials can provide clues to the identity of the applicants.The research suggests it is possible that cumulative advantage may explain the funding differences."Small differences in access to research resources and mentoring during training or at the beginning of a career may accumulate to become large between-group differences," the paper says.Additionally, the paper suggests further research is needed to determine why black researchers are less likely to be funded.NIH Director Francis Collins and Principal Deputy Director Lawrence Tabak call the findings unacceptable and commit to immediate action by the NIH."NIH commissioned this study because we want to learn more about the challenges facing the scientific community and address them head on. The results of this study are disturbing and disheartening, and we are committed to taking action," said Collins in an accompanying commentary. "The strength of the U.S. scientific enterprise depends upon our ability to recruit and retain the brightest minds, regardless of race or ethnicity. This study shows that we still have a long way to go."NIH initiated the study in 2008 to determine if researchers of different races and ethnicities with similar research records and affiliations had similar likelihoods of being awarded a new NIH research project grant.

JERUSALEM, July 25 (Xinhua) -- A new study carried out by a Tel Aviv University researcher indicates that the common backache may not only be caused by bad positions or aging, but also by your genes.Prof. Gregory Livshits of the Sackler Faculty of Medicine says that genes play a major role in back pain, especially in the lower back, and in spinal deterioration.In a decade-long project with 2,500 identical and non-identical twins, Livshits found that, in one Arab family, the same back problems appeared in all the members of the family, whether young or old.According to the study, non-identical twins were three times more likely to have back pain, while identical twins were six times more likely to have the same back problems.Livshits believes the discovery of the link between back pains and genes could lead to much better treatment.The research was developed in collaboration with a team of scientists at Kings College, London, led by Prof. Tim Spector and Dr. Fran Williams and was recently published in the journal " Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases."In order to better investigate the genetic causes for one of the world most common pains, Livshits and his colleagues hope to put together an international consortium of research groups.

MOSCOW, Aug. 24 (Xinhua) -- A Russian Progress cargo ship crashed into Siberia after failing to reach the right orbit Wednesday. The crash marked the second failure in space launch in less than a week and the third in this year, prompting local media to suspect a major reshuffle in Russia's space industry.UNPRECEDENTED FAILUREThe Progress M-12M unmanned freighter was launched to the International Space Station from Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan on Wednesday. It was expected to reach a near-Earth orbit in about nine minutes after launch.However, after the 325th second of the flight, which was just a few seconds before the vessel should reach the orbit, the ground control center lost it.Russian space agency Roscosmos confirmed later that the cargo ship failed to reach the orbit and fell down. Russian Progress M-12M cargo ship is launched to the International Space Station from Baikonur space center in Kazakhstan on Wednesday, Aug. 24, 2011. It has failed to reach the orbit, the Interfax news agency reported.The malfunction of the Soyuz-U rocket's engine was generally believed to be the cause of the accident, according to local media.A source in the space industry said the spaceship had sent a breakdown report while separating from the Soyuz rocket.Some unconfirmed reports said the fuel tank of the booster leaked and the engine was automatically turned off to avoid explosion.The wreckage of the Progress cargo ship has already fallen in southern Siberia's Altai Republic, where a big explosion was heard by locals, reported RIA Novosti news agency.A state investigation committee has been formed to look into the first ever loss of a Progress freighter.CONCERNS OVER FUTUREThe unprecedented accident raised concerns over the reserves of the six crew members on board the ISS.The ship was loaded with over 3.5 tons of supplies for the ISS, including scientific materials, oxygen, water and food.According to Russia's Ground Control, the loss of these supplies will not affect the ISS crew as there are enough stocks of necessities for two to three months.Also, there is no need for premature return of the crew, said Vladimir Solovyov, a space official.However, it still casts some shadow over the ISS program that relies on Russia exclusively following the retirement of U.S. shuttles.A source from the Russian space industry said the scheduled launches of the Soyuz rockets are likely to be suspended until the reasons of the accident are established.This means that current crew members of the ISS would likely stay longer in the space than planned, as the new members might not be able to replace them on schedule, the source explained. Solovyov said the launch of the next Progress is scheduled for October 28.So far, Roscosmos has refrained from comments regarding the possible halt in manned missions aboard Soyuz carrier rockets."Comments will follow. Now it is necessary to determine the causes of today's abortive launch of a Soyuz-u carrier rocket with the Progress M-2M transport ship," Roscosmos told Itar-Tass news agency.Local media raised the prospect of a major reshuffle in Russia' s space industry as the country has lost a total of six space vehicles over the past nine months.On Aug. 18, a carrier rocket Proton-M failed to deliver to the orbit communication satellite Express-AM4. Earlier in February, Russia had lost a satellite named Geo-IK2.In December 2010, a booster malfunction resulted in the loss of three satellites in the global positioning and navigation system GLONASS.

CANBERRA, Aug. 29 (Xinhua) -- An Australia report released on Monday draws a direct link between inaction on climate change and long-term social and mental health problems.The Climate Institute report, A Climate of Suffering: The Real Cost of Living with Inaction on Climate Change, points that in the wake of extreme weather in Australia, such as cyclones and droughts, there is an increase in depression, anxiety, post- traumatic stress and substance abuse.As many as one in five people reported "emotional injury, stress and despair" in the wake of these events.The report also warns continuing catastrophic weather events are creating anxiety and insecurity for children at levels not seen since the Cold War.It claims one in 10 children of primary school age showed symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after Cyclone Larry in 2006.According to Professor Ian Hickie, from the Brain & Mind Institute, regional and remote communities are most vulnerable to the impact of climate change.He said a recent study of rural New South Wales where, following the long drought, self-harm and suicide rose by up to eight percent."I think what we are seeing now is a much more significant counting of not just the short-term costs and reactions but the longer-term costs, the loss of community cohesion and that being essential to people's long-term mental health," Professor Hickie."The drought was a particularly instructive event for everyone in Australia and we saw a lot of focus for the first time on the mental health effects, particularly suicides in rural families, the effect on rural communities of prolonged examples of weather change," Hickie said.Climate Institute chief executive John Connor said that not only did natural disasters cost taxpayers about nine billion U.S. dollars last year, but there are also damaging Australia's social fabric.He said that with Australian regions increasingly exposed to extreme weather, recognizing and managing the risks of climate change is essential, and it is an insurance policy to protect Australia's communities.The study came as the political and social debate over Australian federal government's proposed carbon tax intensifies.In 2007, a report by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) projected the effects of various greenhouse gas emission scenarios for 2030, 2050 and 2070.It said droughts were likely to become more frequent, fire danger was set to increase and tropical cyclones were likely to become more intense.

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