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NANJING, April 23 (Xinhua) -- At a time when almost every commodity in China is getting more expensive, the dwindling cost of medicine is a rarity.Zhang Jinkui, a hypertension patient, buys medicines from the community health center of his neighborhood in Changzhou, a city in east China's coastal Jiangsu Province.His prescription list includes Aspirin Enteric-coated tablets, down to 1.4 yuan from 4.7 yuan (0.7 U.S. dollars) per unit, and Fosinopril Sodium Tablets, down to 41.39 yuan from 51.6 yuan per unit.Both drugs are found on the essential drug list unveiled in 2009. The list names the 307 most common western and traditional Chinese medicines, which are heavily subsidized so hospitals can sell them at cost price.A consumer buys medicines with the help of a retailer at a pharmacy in Lianyungang, east China's Jiangsu Province, March 28, 2011.All essential medicines are listed by their generic names, and drug producers compete to supply essential medicines through public procurement.Due to a long history of low government funding for state-run hospitals, which often covers only 10 percent of the hospitals' operating costs, doctors have generated income for hospitals by aggressively prescribing expensive, and sometimes unnecessary, medicines and treatments.The essential medicine system and the reform of publicly funded hospitals, two pillars of China's health reform, are designed to address high medical costs and low accessibility of medical services.In April 2009, China kicked off health reforms aimed at correcting these long-standing problems facing China's health system and easing public grievances.Two years later, the essential medicine system has reduced drug prices, but still fails to please hospitals, patients and drug producers.The system requires government-funded grassroots health clinics, including urban community health centers and rural clinics, to prescribe only essential medicines and to sell these medicines at cost price, rather than with the previous 15 percent mark-up.Such policies have brought hard times to grassroots health clinics, especially in cash-strapped areas.Song Wenzhi, a public health professor at Peking University, said "Grassroots health clinics, without the expertise to perform operations and other treatments, rely heavily on selling drug," adding that these hospitals have found themselves scraping by due to the zero percent mark-up policy.Wang Zhiying, Vice Director of the People's Hospital of Anxiang County in the city of Changde, Hunan Province, said four grassroots hospitals in Changde tested the essential medicine system as pilot projects, but the zero percent mark-up policy took away 60 to 70 percent of the hospitals' revenue.Wang was quoted by "Health News," a newspaper run by China's Ministry of Health, as saying that, due to financial difficulties, the county government had not yet channeled the 8 million yuan (1.2 million U.S.dollars) in support funds into the hospitals' accounts, resulting in the resignations of many doctors.The essential medicine system covers 60 percent of government-funded grassroots hospitals and drug prices have fallen by an average of 30 percent, said Sun Zhigang, Director of the Health Reform Office under the State Council, or China's Cabinet.According to the health reform plan for 2011, the essential medicine system will cover all government-sponsored health institutions at the grassroots level by the end of the year and drugs will be sold there at a zero percent mark-up.Song Wenzhi said the key will be the commitment of local governments to health reform and their financial input. This way, essential medicines can benefit the public without bankrupting grassroots health institutions."That would be a great sum of money." said Song, citing his own studies. "There are roughly 5,000 government-funded hospitals in China. One third of them make profits, one third barely break even, and still one third rely heavily on government subsidies."To maintain the poorest hospitals, central and local level governments would need to invest 15 billion yuan (2.3 billion U.S. dollars) each year, according to Song's estimate.

BEIJING, March 10 (Xinhuanet) -- Cigarette displays in shops will be banned and tobacco companies may also be forced to make their products in plain wrappers in an attempt to stop people from smoking, announced the UK government Thursday.The prominent displays and attractive packaging of tobacco have long provided shopkeepers with stable income, keeping addicts hooked and quitters tempted.However, the government's move that will begin as early as spring next year will keep cigarettes hidden away and make it just a tad more difficult for smokers to find their fix."Nearly all adult smokers started smoking before they turned 18 and every year, over 300,000 children under 16 try smoking," said Chief Medical Officer Sally Davies."Smoking is undeniably one of the biggest and most stubborn challenges in public health. Over eight million people in England still smoke and it causes more than 80,000 deaths each year," Health Secretary Andrew Lansley said in his statement on the new law.Now, this move has drawn predictable responses from both sides of the tobacco wars, with health groups cheering and retailers grumbling.The British Medical Association said it was "very pleased" with the announcement, citing research which it said showed that a display ban would play "a key role in discouraging children from smoking and also help smokers quit."On the other hand, industry groups and independent retailers complained it would burden them with the cost of refitting their stores and reduce their already narrow profit margins.And according to media interviews, many people kept skeptical about the real impact the move would have, especially on young smokers.

HOUSTON, April 15 (Xinhua) -- A major contractor for the U.S. space shuttle on Friday announced plans to lay off about 50 percent of its employees this summer after NASA retires the orbiter fleet.The contractor, Houston-based United Space Alliance, said it will cut 2,600 to 2,800 jobs, including 1,850 to 1,950 employees in Florida, 750 to 800 employees in Texas, and 30 to 40 employees in Alabama, "due to the completion of tasks related to day-to-day operations of the Shuttle fleet."The cuts will be made in late July and early August after NASA completes the final flight of Endeavour, scheduled for April 29, and the flight of Atlantis on June 28."The accomplishments of this team are unmatched in human spaceflight," Virginia Barnes, the company's president, said in a news release. "It will be difficult to say goodbye to such tremendously talented and dedicated teammates, and we are committed to making this transition as smooth as possible for them."United Space Alliance has approximately 5,600 employees working at sites in Texas, Florida and Alabama, according to the the news release.

WASHINGTON, Jan. 19 (Xinhua) -- China and the United States have agreed to further boost their bilateral relationship toward a cooperative partnership for the benefit of the whole world, President Hu Jintao said Wednesday.The visiting Chinese leader presented the course forward at a joint press conference at the White House with his U.S. counterpart Barack Obama following their eighth meeting in two years.During the talks, conducted in "a candid, pragmatic and constructive atmosphere," the two sides reached "important agreement on China-U.S. relations and major international and regional issues of shared interests," according to the Chinese president.Chinese President Hu Jintao (2nd L) holds a bilateral meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama (2nd R) at the White House in Washington, the United States, Jan. 19, 2011. "We both agree to further push forward the positive, cooperative and comprehensive China-U.S. relationship," Hu said, adding that both sides also pledged to forge "a China-U.S. cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit" for the benefit of the two countries and beyond.Meanwhile, the two sides "should firmly adhere to the right direction," respecting each other's core interests and handling their relations with a long-term perspective, which will enable both countries to make greater contributions to world peace and development, he said.Citing the growing number of global challenges, the Chinese president stressed that Beijing and Washington "share expanding common interests and shoulder increasing common responsibilities."Accordingly, he added, the two sides have agreed to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in economy, trade, environment, education, science and technology, non-proliferation and counter-terrorism among many other fields.During Hu's ongoing state visit, the two countries signed a number of cooperation agreements. "These will inject fresh momentum into our bilateral cooperation and create a great many job opportunities for our two countries," Hu said.He added that he and Obama also discussed some disagreements in the economic and trade area, with both sides pledging "to continue to appropriately resolve these according to the principle of mutual respect and consultation on an equal footing."Commenting on the relations between the countries's armed forces, Hu said, "We believe expansion of military exchanges and cooperation will be conducive to deepening mutual trust between our two countries."On the situation on the Korean Peninsula, he said that both countries agreed to work together with relevant parties to maintain peace and stability on the peninsula, promote denuclearization of the peninsula and achieve lasting peace and security in Northeast Asia.The Chinese leader reaffirmed China's firm commitment to the path of peaceful development and a win-win strategy of opening up, and appreciated Obama's commitment to a positive and constructive China policy."China is a friend and partner of all countries, and China's development is an opportunity for the world," he said.

BEIJING, April 14 (Xinhuanet) -- The discovery of a sharp-toothed dinosaur fossil in New Mexico, the United States, may bridge a gap in the evolution of the species, researchers said in Wednesday's journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.Researchers from the Smithsonian Institution unearthed the dinosaur skull and neck vertebrae in Abiquiu, New Mexico, where it had remained buried for around 230 million years. The short snout and slanting front teeth of the find — Daemonosaurus chauliodus — had never before been seen in a Triassic era dinosaur, said Hans-Dieter Sues of the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History.Sues, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the museum, said the discovery helps fill the evolutionary gap between the dinosaurs that lived in what is now Argentina and Brazil about 230 million years ago and the later theropods like the famous Tyrannosaurus rex."Various features of the skull and neck in Daemonosaurus indicate that it was intermediate between the earliest known predatory dinosaurs from South America and more advanced theropod dinosaurs," said Sues."One such feature is the presence of cavities on some of the neck vertebrae related to the structure of the respiratory system," he added.The discovery suggests that there is still much to be learned about the early evolution of dinosaurs."The continued exploration of even well-studied regions like the American Southwest will still yield remarkable new fossil finds," Sues said.

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