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SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — In the race for a coronavirus vaccine, scientists often say we need more than one winner.That’s in part because different vaccines use different strategies to provoke the immune system, and each strategy has different strengths.Take the inactivated virus vaccine, an approach currently used in the vaccine against the poliovirus. In this approach, scientists take a live virus, kill it with chemicals or heat, and then introduce that viral corpse into a person.There are three groups in the final phase of human trials using inactivated coronavirus, primarily in China, according to a tracker from the Milken Institute.“The immune system can tell the difference between something that's a real threat and something that's not a threat, and so if you get injected with a dead virus your immune system has the tendency to not pay a lot of attention to that,” said Dr. Shane Crotty of the La Jolla Institute for Immunology.The downside of the inactivated virus approach is that it only elicits two out of the three of the parts of the immune system, Dr. Crotty said. It’s capable of producing antibodies and helper T-cells, but not killer T-cells.The modern take on the inactivated virus approach is called a viral vector vaccine.In this strategy, scientists combine elements of the coronavirus with a common cold virus called an adenovirus that won’t make you sick. Since the virus is alive, it can elicit all three kinds of immune responses, Dr. Crotty said.“There are no licensed vaccines right now that use that strategy, but there are all kinds of vaccine trials that have been done around the world with those types [of vaccines] showing that they're straightforward to manufacture. They're very safe,” he said.The University of Oxford is testing a viral vector vaccine for COVID-19 in a Phase 3 clinical trial.Then there are subunit vaccines. These include just a section -- or subunit -- of the virus’ protein.UC San Diego is working on a coronavirus candidate vaccine using this approach.There are subunit vaccines currently on the market for tetanus and other viruses.“Working with proteins is more challenging, just from a laboratory and manufacturing perspective,” Dr. Crotty said.Enter the next phase of vaccine development. Instead of using the virus itself or fragments of it, Inovio Pharmaceuticals is working on a vaccine strategy using just the virus’ genetic information.DNA-based vaccines simply introduce a genetically engineered blueprint of the virus into a person, and the cells do the rest.“Some people get confused about this. They think it’s a genetic vaccine that changes their DNA and becomes part of them, and that’s definitely not the case.” Dr. Crotty said. “They don’t become part of you. Your body chews them up.”Researchers have been working on DNA-based vaccines for about 20 years, Crotty said, but none are currently licensed for use.San Diego-based Arcturus Therapeutics is using an RNA-based approach, along with other companies like Pfizer and Moderna that have entered Phase 3 trials.Messenger RNA reads the DNA instructions and helps translate them into proteins.Dr. Crotty said the DNA and RNA approaches have similar drawbacks and benefits: they’ve never been approved for us, but both can be developed rapidly because they don’t require access to the physical virus.Around the world, there are more than 200 coronavirus vaccines currently in development, according to the Milken Institute. 3459

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Local health officials said Thursday a new case of vaping-related lung injury has been reported, as county leaders prepare to consider new vaping regulations.So far in San Diego, there have been 43 confirmed cases of vaping-associated lung injury with three cases under investigation. There haven't been any local deaths, but all patients have had to be hospitalized. Those affected range in age from 17 to 70 years old, according to the county.The CDC has said that vitamin E acetate and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are closely linked with e-cigarette, or vaping, associated lung injury. CDC recommends people avoid using THC-containing e-cigarettes or vaping products.RELATED: San Diego woman hospitalized with vaping illness warns others“Vaping-related lung injuries continue to be reported in the region and that’s concerning,” said Wilma Wooten, county public health officer.As of Jan. 7, the CDC has reported 2,602 hospitalizations or deaths from sudden and severe lung injuries associated with vaping.The San Diego County Board of Supervisors is set to discuss several potential local actions on regulating e-cigarette devices during a Jan. 14 meeting. Those ordinances include a ban on flavored tobacco sale and distribution, device moratorium, and restricting e-cigarette smoking to outdoor areas at restaurant. The ordinances would apply to unincorporated parts of the county.“As stewards of public health; we have a responsibility to raise awareness and act in the best interest of the public to protect them,” said Supervisor Fletcher. “Right now we simply do not know enough about the chemicals being consumed and their impacts. We are acting in a similar fashion to other jurisdictions in California, we are acting with an abundance of caution.” A second meeting on the ordinances will be held on Jan. 28. If the ordinances pass, they will go into effect July 1. 1902

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) -- Kreg Van Hoesen has had to fight for his life for much of his life, born with congenital heart defects in 1986 when doctors didn't know until after he was born. Two surgeries at two months of age would be followed by two more at two years old. Then when Kreg was six, doctors tried to correct the defects in his heart. Unfortunately it didn't work. His mother, Pam Van Hoesen remembers every detail of the family's hard fought battle to keep Kreg alive. "His outlook was bleak," she says, "but he managed to get through it and within a week, he got a heart." They know the donor heart came from a family in the Midwest who lost a child traumatically, but they've never heard back from them after writing letters, and they understand. Pam says, "for someone else to lose a child in order for your child to live is mind boggling."To pay forward that most precious gift, the family became champions of organ donation. It started eight years after Kreg got his heart. Pam Van Hoesen's friend needed a kidney. Pam tested and hers was the best match. Then in 2003 Kreg went into kidney failure. The anti-rejection drugs from Kreg's heart transplant were very hard on his kidneys, and when he needed a kidney transplant, his dad Mark stepped in. Kreg initially rejected Mark's kidney however, and he almost lost his battle to survive again. Eventually his body accepted it, and he had 16 years with that kidney. But Kreg's health took a turn for the worse early this year. All three of his sisters tested to find the best match. Kreg's sister Kendyl was the closest match. Kendyl's mother-in-law also happened to be a kidney donor as well, and with both of her own parents living healthy lives with just one kidney, Kendyl didn't hesitate to agree to donate hers to her brother. She explains that the entire family was nervous going into this surgery. They knew as the donor, their family had a long track record of success living with just one kidney, but they worried about how Kreg would do, undergoing his third transplant surgery. "He's a real fighter and real survivor... but most of his surgeries didn't go as planned." It so happens that Kreg was due for success however, and this transplant, which was done at UCSD Medical Center, has been his easiest so far. The family, including Kreg, believe their mission is to get out the word about organ donation. Kreg says he's shocked by how many people are apprehensive about it, whether a living donation, or a donation after someone dies. "I do hope this can change the perspective," he says. 2568

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — Making your own pasta doesn't have to be reserved for restaurants, you can try it out in your own kitchen.Cucina Sorella's gnocci (isn't it fun to say?) is a delicious take on the pasta, working in rapini leaves and ground beef for a dish that will leave you ready for more.Chef Joe Magnanelli walked us through his recipe, adding that his version isn't the only way you can serve up the pasta — should you try it yourself at home.The Dish:GnocciWhat You'll Need: 520

SAN DIEGO (KGTV) — It's sure to be a super summer next year in Del Mar.The San Diego County Fair announced its 2020 season will be themed "Heroes Unite!" when the fair soars into the Del Mar Fairgrounds from June 5 to July 5, 2020."You’ll soar through the air on adrenaline-pumping carnival rides, strike a power pose with your favorite superheroes, taste your way through the Fair’s superfoods, discover entertainment surprises around every corner, learn the science and history of being a superhero and meet real-life community heroes who put Clark Kent to shame," the fair's website reads.RELATED:Carlsbad Strawberry Field and Pumpkin Patch holds decades of family historyMission Hills home transformed into whimsical topiary gardenLa Jolla taco stand named among America's best fast-casual restaurantsAs hinted in the description, the fair is also looking for locals to nominate community heroes who will be honored throughout the fair's run. Nominations can be submitted here.The fair's exhibits will also likely take a superhero slant, as guests learn the "science and history" behind superheroes. And where better to learn than the home of San Diego Comic-Con?And, of course, themed foods are sure to make an appearance from vendors like Chicken Charlie, Bacon-A-Fair, and Pink's Hot Dogs.Before the year is even up, the fair is also offering discounts on admission, attractions, and parking. For more information on the fair, performers, and attractions, visit sdfair.com. 1488