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UNITED NATIONS, Nov. 21 (Xinhua) -- Dramatic progress in science, political leadership, and results indicate that 2011 was a "game changing" year for the international AIDS response, and much progress has been made in 2011 to check AIDS-related deaths since 1997, the peak of the epidemic, a new report released by the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) said on Monday."The Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2011" found that new infections were reduced by 21 percent since 1997, and deaths from AIDS-related illnesses decreased by 21 percent since 2005, according to the report.Furthermore, 47 percent (6.6 million) of the estimated 14.2 million people eligible for antiretroviral therapy treatment in low- and middle-income countries were accessing treatment, in increase of 1.35 million people since 2009.The report also found early signs that HIV treatment is having an impact on reducing the number of new HIV infections. As treatment reduces the viral load of a person living HIV to almost undetectable levels, it also reduces the risk of transmitting the virus to an uninfected partner, according to the report. Studies also show that treatment can be up to 96 percent effective in preventing HIV transmission among couples.Eleven countries, including many Sub-Saharan African countries, reached "close to universal access" for AIDS treatment, which is determined to be 80 percent access, in 2011.Botswana made the most dramatic progress in scaling up access to treatment, the report said. While sexual patterns remained relatively stable in the country since 2000, access to treatment increased from less than 5 percent in 2000 to more than 80 percent in 2011.Despite progress, however, the report does note that 2011 marks an unprecedented high the number of people infected with HIV worldwide.Globally, an estimated 34 million people are currently living with the infection. Approximately 2.7 million got infected with the virus in 2010, and as many as 1.8 million people died of AIDS- related illnesses in 2010.Yet the report also notes estimates that as many as 2.5 million deaths are estimated to have been averted in low- and middle- income countries due to increased access to HIV treatment since 1995."Now is not the time to reduce our efforts despite some good news on reducing new infections. Infections are decreasing, but not rapidly enough," said Kim Nichols, executive director of African Services Committee, on Monday at a press conference."There are fewer AIDS deaths, but with the number of infections increasing, prevention has to be the mainstay of our response," Nichols said.Indeed, the UNAIDS report calls for a new framework for investments which are focused on "high-impact, evidence-based, high-value strategies," according to a press release from the UNAIDS website.The framework, which aims to achieve universal access to treatment and prevention centers by 2015, requires a 22-24 billion US dollar funding increase by 2015.Given the withering state of the global economy -- donor funding for the AIDS response has dropped from 7.6 billion in 2009 to 6.9 billion in 2010 -- raising that kind of money may be a long shot. Regardless, UNAIDS'new investment plan calls for smarter uses of less money.According to the report, the framework will focus on high-risk populations like sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs and prevent infections among children, as well as invest in behavior change programs, condom promotion, and treatment, care and support for people living with HIV."The world faces a clear choice: maintain current efforts and make incremental progress, or invest smartly and achieve rapid success in the AIDS response," says the UNAIDS report.

BEIJING, Jan. 05 (Xinhuanet) -- China's satellite television channels have aired fewer entertainment programs this year as broadcasting watchdog's curbs on "excessive entertainment" took effect.The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television has cut two-thirds of "racy" entertainment programs on China's 34 satellite channels since the campaign began, the spokesperson for the administration said on Tuesday.Since the regulation took effect on Jan 1, the total number of entertainment programs scheduled for prime-time -7:30 pm to 10 pm - broadcast a week dropped to 38 from 126 at the end of last year, according to a statement from the administration.Under the regulation, announced in October, each satellite channel can broadcast no more than two entertainment programs a week and the maximum length of the program may not exceed 90 minutes.The targeted programs, including dating shows, reality talent shows and emotional stories on the administration's list, were deemed "excessive entertainment" and showing "less taste"."Satellite channels should design programs with innovative content, promoting traditional virtues and socialist core values in their new entertainment programs," the authority said.The administration considers the move crucial to improving cultural content for the public by offering high-level programs.Meanwhile, the number of news programs on the satellite channels has grown to 193 a day, 33 percent more than in 2011.Currently, news programming on each satellite channel has surpassed two hours, and each channel has at least two 30-minute news programs during prime time.But popular dating shows such as If You Are the One, produced by Jiangsu Satellite TV, and reality shows such as China's Got Talent, aired by Shanghai-based Dragon TV, will remain on during prime time in the weekend.Li Hao, spokesman for Hunan Satellite TV, a broadcaster famous for its entertainment programs, told China Daily the regulation will improve the quality of entertainment programs."We have been exploring how to make entertainment shows more meaningful and valuable," he said, adding that the channel has shortened the length of its two entertainment programs from 110 to 90 minutes."We will supervise programs more strictly, and pay close attention to things such as the clothing and comments of hosts and guests," he added.Cheng Manli, a media professor at Peking University, welcomed the new regulation to limit "less tasteful" programs involving violence and money worship."After all, unhealthy programs may hurt young people who are not able to distinguish right from wrong, which also worries their parents," she said.However, Yu Guoming, a professor at the School of Journalism at Renmin University of China, did not think the regulation was the way to improve cultural development."Whether the entertainment program is good or not should be decided by viewers' reaction, instead of an administration's evaluation," he said. "Residents are under pressure and need to watch shows to relax in our society."Yu also said that a good entertainment program should respect residents' taste and give them more viewing choices, or else it could lead to rigid restrictions.Ma Yuqiang, who runs an online clothing retail company, said the new rule will not affect his daily life, because he can watch the entertainment programs that were taken off prime time on the Internet."I think the regulation will drive most young people to the Internet," Ma, 26, said.

BEIJING, Oct. 24 (Xinhuanet) -- The average global land temperature has increased by around one degree Cetigrade since the mid-1950s, American scientists announced last week after reviewing historical temperature records to date.According to media reports, the scientists of the Berkeley Earth project have studied more than a billion temperature records dating back to the 1800s from 15 sources around the world.And the result is in line with the estimate made by major institutions which keep official records on the global climate, including the Nasa's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in the US and the Met Office's Hadley Centre in Britain.Meanwhile, the scientists established an open database for the climate records so that skeptics on climate change can assess climage change on their own.Nevertheless, the finding of the scientists at the University of California, Berkeley did not convince climate change skeptics, according to a New York Times report.Anthony Watts, one prominent US skeptics, claimed the study's "methodology was flawed". He also noted that the finding was submitted to journal Geophysical Research Letters before being peer-reviewed.Richard Muller, a physicist and head of the project, argued that the decision to circulate the papers before publication was part a long-standing academic tradition of sanity-checking results with colleagues.He added, cited by the Guardian, "We will get much more feedback from making these papers public before publication."

BEIJING, Dec. 16 (Xinhua) -- China issued rules for pilot programs of RMB Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (RQFII) on Friday, formally giving a green light to investment of overseas RMB funds in mainland securities markets.The move is expected to widen the investment channel of overseas RMB funds and add new momentum to the country's bid to make the RMB an international currency.Hong Kong subsidiaries of fund management companies and securities firms can use RMB funds raised in Hong Kong to invest in mainland securities within a permitted quota, according to the rules jointly released by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC), the People's Bank of China and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange.The total investment quota of RQFII pilot programs is set at around 20 billion yuan (3.15 billion U.S. dollars), according to the rules.To control risks, qualified investors should invest no less than 80 percent of the RMB funds they raised in fixed-income securities, while investment in stocks and equity funds should account for no more than 20 percent.The CSRC will join other related departments to study the possibility of further expanding the trial program after its launch, said a CSRC official who declined to be identified.The launch of the RQFII will open another significant channel for overseas RMB funds to flow back into the country, said the CSRC official.It will also help diversify investment products for overseas RMB funds and facilitate off-shore RMB business, the official said.The RMB is not fully convertible under the capital account but China has stepped up efforts to make the currency more international over the past few years.The government has encouraged the use of the RMB in cross-border trade and investment settlement and approved foreign direct investment in overseas RMB funds obtained overseas.It also allowed Hong Kong to establish an offshore yuan market and has expanded trade settlement agreements and currency swaps to create more channels for the yuan to circulate outside the mainland.

WASHINGTON, Dec. 7 (Xinhua) -- Drugs that affect the levels of an important brain protein involved in learning and memory reverse cellular changes in the brain seen during aging, according to an animal study published Wednesday in the Journal of Neuroscience. The findings could one day aid in the development of new drugs that enhance cognitive function in older adults.Aging-related memory loss is associated with the gradual deterioration of the structure and function of synapses (the connections between brain cells) in brain regions critical to learning and memory, such as the hippocampus.Recent studies suggested that histone acetylation, a chemical process that controls whether genes are turned on, affects this process. Specifically, it affects brain cells' ability to alter the strength and structure of their connections for information storage, a process known as synaptic plasticity, which is a cellular signature of memory.In the current study, Cui-Wei Xie, of the University of California, Los Angeles, and colleagues found that compared with younger rats, hippocampi from older rats have less brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) -- a protein that promotes synaptic plasticity -- and less histone acetylation of the Bdnf gene. By treating the hippocampal tissue from older animals with a drug that increased histone acetylation, they were able to restore BDNF production and synaptic plasticity to levels found in younger animals."These findings shed light on why synapses become less efficient and more vulnerable to impairment during aging," said Xie, who led the study. "Such knowledge could help develop new drugs for cognitive aging and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease," she added.